project topic proposal - 15745 Words

APPLIED â€Å"RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL† HANDBOOK A Guide for Students in the Business Leadership Program Leading to the Bachelor of Science in Organizational Management  ©2008 Nyack College Nyack, NY 10960 NYACK COLLEGE Michael Scales, Ed.D. President SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LEADERSHIP Anita Underwood Dean BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT Copyright 1991, 1998, 2003, 2008 by Nyack College. All rights reserved. No part of this work protected by the copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any†¦show more content†¦In addition, exposure to numerous organizational, management, and personnel concepts, as well as to the major theorists representing those fields of study, will help you to better understand the nature of the problem or concern under study. The next several pages are intended to give you a look at the â€Å"big picture† of the Applied Research Project Proposal. You then will receive a detailed explanation of each element of the Project in the subsequent sections of the Handbook. As you read, keep in mind that there are class sessions in both first and second semester devoted to increasing your understanding of the requirements for the Applied Research Project Proposal. Saturday Session Semester One The session in the first semester will provide guidance in identifying an organizational problem appropriate for the project, developing your problem statement, and doing the research and writing of a comprehensive literature review. Saturday Session Semester Two (or via Primary Instructors Guidance) The session(s) in the second semester will provide guidance on developing a mixed-methodology (both quantitative qualitative) research plan, including the development of research protocols, informed consent, actual research questionnaires and on preparing your business-oriented executive summary / abstract. The model used for theShow MoreRelatedProblem/Topic. This Project Outline And Proposal Explores766 Words   |  4 PagesProblem/Topic This project outline and proposal explores the subject of leadership and employee engagement. As research for employee engagement continues to grow, we are learning how much of an impact leadership teams affect the employee engagement levels. As we continue to explore the subject of employee engagement, we realize there is a direct correlation between leadership, organizational effectiveness and levels of engagement. 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ThisRead MoreEssay on FIN364 Course Project Summary 1 648 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Course Project: Economic Research Objective Each student is to select research question related to money and banking and develop a well written paper that provides insight into the topic. The goal is to obtain a better understanding of the topic, while relating the identified topic or concept with real world scenarios. Guidelines For this project, select one of the following research questions below. If you want to select a topic that does not appear in the list below, please contact me forRead MoreIb Internal Assessment Guide1130 Words   |  5 PagesIB2 HL Internal Assessment Guidelines Weighting: 25% of Final Grade HL Research Project The research project enables HL students to demonstrate the application of their skills and knowledge to real organizational issues or decision-making. Students must select a real organization and the issue or decision under investigation must also be real. 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This proposal outlines the research I would like to continue regarding the feasibility of alternative energy sources in vehicles, particularly in hybrid vehicles. I have included a summary of the topic, a description of the graphics I plan to use, deadlines that will be met, costs

Dr. Elaine Sia s Life And Accomplishments - 1217 Words

Dr. Elaine Sia is a biology professor at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. She grew up in Midland, Michigan and moved to the Cleveland, Ohio area during her senior year of high school. Dr. Sia obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in the Biological Sciences from Michigan State University. After graduation she entered the PhD program at Columbia University, in the Microbiology Dept. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. She obtained her PhD from Columbia in 1994. Dr. Sia’s father was a chemical engineer and worked at Dow Chemical company for his entire career. He modeled a scientific approach to problems throughout Dr. Sia’s childhood and instilled in her a enthusiasm for science and technology. While she attended Michigan State University, she worked as a technical assistant for Dr. Wendy Champness in the Department of Microbiology and continued that position for a year after graduation. Interacting with Dr. Champness led Dr. Sia to believe that she wanted to become a college professor and researcher. Dr. Champness was instrumental in her decision to attend graduate school. Dr. David Figurski was her graduate school mentor and was a fantastic role model, and helped Dr. Sia to learn to become a very successful independent researcher. It is standard in her field to have several years of postdoctoral experience with a different mentor, so after she obtained her PhD, Dr. Sia went to work in the laboratory of Dr. Tom Petes in the Biology Department in

Mis Case Study in Chemical Industry free essay sample

Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials into different products like oil, natural gas, air, water, metals and minerals. Philippine Sinter Corporation has a high responsibility to produce sintered ore with excellent quality and in the required quantity. In coping with the recent high steel demand in the world, PSC guarantees a stable supply to customers based on strong competitiveness. Philippine Sinter Corporation started its operation in year 1977 and since that time it has continuously operated and has accumulated a production record of 125 million tons in 2008. During PSC’s long history, enormous kinds of activities have been carried out to make progress in both operation and administrative fields. Ever since, PSC is playing the important role as processing company supplying sintered ore for JFE steel. In responding to the high steel demand recently, PSC is continuing to enhance its performance in both production and quality in order to pursue much higher productivity of JFE Steel blast furnaces. 1. 2 PLANNING SYSTEM CORPORATE PLANNING MANAGER IMPLEMENTATION Implementation is an essential part of the corporate planning process, and organizations that develop corporate plans must expect to include a process for applying or implementing the plan. The specific implementation process can vary from organization to organization, the manager must be dependent largely on the details of the actual strategic plan, but some basic steps can assist in the process and ensure that implementation is successful and the strategic plan is effective. Implementation, in essence, pulls a plan apart and diffuses it throughout an organization. Every unit within the organization which is involved must then accept the plan, agree to its direction, and implement specific actions. In order to effectively and efficiently implement a plan, all individuals involved in its implementation must function as a whole or the plan is destined for failure. MONITORING The Corporate Planning Manager must monitor the implementation of the Strategic Policies of the Ministry based on the strengths, weaknesses, current and future environment of the company. Monitoring is a continuous management function that aims primarily at providing programme managers and key stakeholders with regular feedback and early indications of progress or lack thereof in the achievement of intended results. Monitoring tracks the actual performance against what was planned or expected according to pre-determined standards. It generally involves collecting and analysing data on programme processes and results and recommending corrective measures. CAMPAIGN STRATEGY The Campaign Strategy is the road map for the campaign. It ensures that all campaign activities work to achieve the campaigns overall objectives; it is also the reference point for evaluating the progress and success of the campaign. Having a Campaign Strategy is also effective for communicating plans to other stakeholders, including fundraisers and other financial decision-makers, in order to gain their participation and support. The purpose of strategic or long-range planning is to assist an organization in establishing priorities and to better serve the needs of its constituency. A strategic plan must be flexible and practical and yet serve as a guide to implementing programs, evaluating how these programs are doing, and making adjustments when necessary. A strategic plan must reflect the thoughts, feelings, ideas, and wants of the developers and mold them along with the organizations purpose, mission, and regulations into an integrated document. The development of a plan requires much probing, discussion, and examination of the views of the leaders who are responsible for the plans preparation. However, more often than not, the development of the plan is less complicated than is the implementation. PRODUCTION PLANNING The production planner will help determine the sequence and schedule of a companys fabrication, assembly, and installation process. To do so, he confers with other department staff members and supervisors while viewing time estimates with the fabrication and assembly workers who will be actually performing the work. The production planner will analyze detailed specifications of a project to help determine the human resource requirements and exact manufacturing processes that will be needed to complete it. This involves performing mathematical calculations to check on the material data requirements of the production plant as well as analyzing how many crew members will be needed to keep the project on schedule. ANNUAL OPERATING PLAN The annual operating planner is the one who identify, communicate, and monitor the progress on key priorities for the year that advance the strategic plan. They establish clear expectation and keep it as simple as possible and refer to it often, annual operating plan uses as a basis for conversation on strategy, accountabilities, agreements and celebrations. Ensures that program and services offered by the organization contribute to the organization’s mission and reflect the priorities of the board. QUALITY PLANNING Quality planning is an essential part of the corporate planning process, it increases the productivity, increases the cost effectiveness and decreases the cost of risk through less rework. Planning the quality of the product may give the customer what they wanted in a certain product. They are the one to carry out quality planning functions, assuring that vendor procedures, product, and data will comply with applicable specifications and customer expectations and they are the one who evaluate inspection reports and assist in the development of remedial action plan to ensure conformance or specification. 1. 4 PRODUCTION SYSTEM QUALITY AND COST CONTROL Production management also includes quality and cost control. Quality and Cost Control are given a lot of importance in todays competitive world. Customers all over the world want good-quality products at cheapest prices. To satisfy this demand of consumers, the production manager must continuously improve the quality of his products. Along with this, he must also take essential steps to reduce the cost of his products. INVENTORY CONTROL Production management also includes inventory control. The production manager must monitor the level of inventories. There must be neither over stocking nor under stocking of inventories. If there is an overstocking, then the working capital will be blocked, and the materials may be spoiled, wasted or misused. If there is an under stocking, then production will not take place as per schedule, and deliveries will be affected. SELECTION OF PRODUCT AND DESIGN Production management first selects the right product for production. Then it selects the right design for the product. Care must be taken while selecting the product and design because the survival and success of the company depend on it. The product must be selected only after detailed evaluation of all the other alternative products. After selecting the right product, the right design must be selected. The design must be according to the customers requirements. It must give the customers maximum value at the lowest cost. So, production management must use techniques such as value engineering and value analysis. SELECTION OF PRODUCTION PROCESS Production management must select the right production process. They must decide about the type of technology, machines, material handling system, etc. SELECTING RIGHT PRODUCTION CAPACITY Production management must select the right production capacity to match the demand for the product. This is because more or less capacity will create problems. The production manager must plan the capacity for both short and long terms production. He must use break-even analysis for capacity planning. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT A Product Development Manager specializes in the development and planning. They are responsible for finding opportunities in the marketing of consumer products, consumer services, hospital and medical services, and public service programs. Persons involved in product development must have skills and understanding in marketing research, sales forecasting, and promotional planning. Their mission is to successful take a product from concept to commercialization. . 5 MARKETING SYSTEM MARKET RESEARCH Marketing managers need to have a good knowledge of the customer. This means building up an accurate picture using the resources that are available. It is important to take personal opinion out of as many decisions as possible – you probably dont think in the same way as a typical customer. Information can be gathered from qu estionnaires, focus groups, the internet, interviews, buying habits and many more sources, but its important that the information is examined in a scientific way using proper statistical methods. Gut feel can only take your business so far. MARKET STRATEGY The marketing plan should provide direction for all relevant members of the organization and should be referred to and updated throughout the year. The main reason for the marketing plan is that it provides a structured approach that forces the marketing manager to consider all the relevant elements of the planning process which might be missed if a more rushed approach is adopted. Develop a good marketing plan is essential to the success of any usiness because you need to get everyone focused on the same issues and this is what you plan to do. You need to plan your business and its goals for change. Through market strategy the benefits like providing direction for all your marketing effort, Helps define specific tasks, Helps to identify prerequisites to planned activities, Can give you insight into new markets that may have previously been overlooked, Enables you to create clear guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of different marketing methods and it can help raising finance for capital expenditure. ANALYZE MARKET TRENDS The marketing manager must analyze the market trend which presents what you know about the size and growth trends of your market, what you face in terms of competition, and what critical issues will affect your ability to sell your products for better or worse. It needs to know your customer description, how customers divide into market segments and the size of your market and the growth trends you see. PRICING Pricing is an important aspect of Marketing. That is why organizations formulate pricing policies and strategies to fix the price of their products. Pricing affect the sales as well as the profit of the company, so it is an important task of the marketing manager. It is a factor which determines the acceptance of the product in the market thereby it determines the future of the product in the market. The first step in pricing is to determine the base price of the product, which includes the decision on pricing objectives. ADVERTISING/ PROMOTION The marketing manager is the one who is responsible for the promotion of their products. Advertising is for everybody including kids, young and old. It is done using various media types, with different techniques and methods most suited. By promoting products, it is the best way to communicate to the customers like advertising, it helps informs the customers about the brands available in the market and the variety of products useful to them. Through promotion it helps increasing sales, helps producers or the companies to know their competitors and plan accordingly to meet up the level of competition, helps making people aware of the new product so that the consumers come and try the product and the demand for the product keeps on coming with the help of advertising and demand and supply become a never ending process. DELIVERY Marketing managers must meet the deadlines they have set for keeping the faith of their customers and it enhances the company’s reputation. If there are unexpected delays, they must notify their customers so they are clear about the problem and when they can expect the rescheduled delivery. Make sure you have enough stock to meet your orders, take into account any possible delays in manufacturing or distribution before you accept payments and they must give a delivery date. 1. 3 FINANCE SYSTEM EMPLOYEES FINANCE MANAGER RAISING OF FUNDS In order to meet the obligation of the business it is important to have enough cash and liquidity. A firm can raise funds by the way of equity and debt. It is the responsibility of a financial manager to decide the ratio between debt and equity. It is important to maintain a good balance between equity and debt. PROFIT PLANNING Profit earning is one of the prime functions of any business organization. Profit earning is important for survival and sustenance of any organization. Profit planning refers to proper usage of the profit generated by the firm. Profit arises due to many factors such as pricing, industry competition, state of the economy, mechanism of demand and supply, cost and output. A healthy mix of variable and fixed factors of production can lead to an increase in the profitability of the firm. Fixed costs are incurred by the use of fixed factors of production such as land and machinery. In order to maintain a tandem it is important to continuously value the depreciation cost of fixed cost of production. An opportunity cost must be calculated in order to replace those factors of production which has gone thrown wear and tear. If this is not noted then these fixed cost can cause huge fluctuations in profit. BUDGET ALLOCATION Once the funds are raised through different channels the next important function is to allocate the funds. The funds should be allocated in such a manner that they are optimally used. In order to allocate funds in the best possible manner the following point must be considered. The size of the firm and its growth capability Status of assets whether they are long term or short term Mode by which the funds are raised. These financial decisions directly and indirectly influence other managerial activities. Hence formation of a good asset mix and proper allocation of funds is one of the most important activities. PAYROLL The finance manager is the one who is responsible in payroll system. It is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during a certain period of time. Payroll plays a major role in a company for several reasons. Payroll system is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and they are subject to laws and regulations. Payroll is a critical department as employees are responsive to payroll errors and irregularities: good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately. The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions, and to ensure the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions from a paycheck. 1. 0 MIS ON CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 1. 1 HUMAN RESOURCE 1. 4 PRODUCTION EMPLOYEE’S B . 2 PLANNING 1. 5 MARKETING EMPLOYEE’S A SUPPLIER 1. 1 HUMAN RESOURCE HR is responsible for providing support in the various human resource functions, which include recruitment, staffing, training and development, performance monitoring and employee counselling. Recruit and select suitable employees into the designated Business Unit, Ensure all recruitment positions have an up-to-date job description and are evaluat ed accordingly, and ensure all new employees recruited receive the relevant pre-employment documentation. Ensure all employees receive an induction into the organization. . 2 PLANNING Corporate planning is defined as the process of drawing up detailed action plans in order to achieve the aims and objectives of an organization. It takes into account organizational resources and the environment within which a company operates. Corporate planning is the responsibility of senior management, and there should be a structured approach to achieving objectives and implementing corporate strategy. Good corporate planning and budgeting should reduce the cost of the overall budgeting process and the time taken to complete the budgeting cycle, as well as improve both data integrity and security. Corporate planning should also take into account corporate or enterprise objectives, structures, and functions. Results and performance solutions are built into a corporate business structure, to record actual business data based on resulting value, capital worth, and performance costs. Corporate planning should assess, monitor, and prioritize liabilities, focus on profitable opportunities, and involve regular reassessment of the company’s business practices. It also helps to locate all of a company’s concerns, such as money, products, employees, systems, and customers, under one roof. 1. FINANCE A financial manager is a person who takes care of all the important financial functions of an organization. The person in charge should maintain a far sightedness in order to ensure that the funds are utilized in the most efficient manner. His actions directly affect the Profitability, growth and goodwill of the firm. Financial managers play an increasingly important role in me rgers and consolidations, and in global expansion and related financing. These areas require extensive, specialized knowledge on the part of the financial manager to reduce risks and maximize profit. Financial managers increasingly are hired on a temporary basis to advise senior managers on these and other matters. In fact, some small firms contract out all accounting and financial functions to companies that provide these services. The role of the financial manager, particularly in business, is changing in response to technological advances that have significantly reduced the amount of time it takes to produce financial reports. Financial managers now perform more data analysis and use it to offer senior managers ideas on how to maximize profits. They often work on teams, acting as business advisors to top management. Financial managers need to keep abreast of the latest computer technology in order to increase the efficiency of their firms financial operations. Finance departments are always under pressure, the more so in a climate of economic uncertainty. Increasing accountability and shorter budgeting cycles result in Organizations seeking new ways to manage the budgeting process and developing solutions that meet the exact needs of their clients as well as match their own business attributes. . 4 PRODUCTION The production manager forms a very important and defining part of the organization structure of an engineering company. The responsibilities of a production manager are forecasting the requirements of the production in order to achieve the production target, making most efficient utilization of the available sources for production, minimizing ‘throughput time’ and ‘work in process inventory’. This can be achieved by systematic production planning and also by very efficient execution of the plans. One of the most important responsibility of a production manager deals with reducing material handling cost, which generally is achieved by the use of efficient material handling system and also by using plant layouts which must be developed in a proper or correct way, reducing the quality cost with the help of analysis of non conformances on periodic basis and also by following suitable actions (both corrective and preventive), building team spirit among the workmen and also motivating by means of personal involvement. This task of motivation can also be achieved by designing and implementing suitable financial incentive schemes, to device accurate methodology involving method study of manufacturing, along with the other engineering economic principles, improving the productivity level of the workers on continuous basis by workmen’s training and by bringing into use the standards of the performance derived from work measurement studies etc. 1. 5 MARKETING A marketing manager performs many duties aimed at developing and implementing the long- and short-term marketing strategies of his employer. The broad scope of this task requires him to interact heavily with various departments of his firm, including research and development, manufacturing, supply chain, sales and, in some industries, legal and compliance. Depending on the size of his organization, a marketing manager may also oversee a team of junior marketing professionals marketing manager is the development of her employer’s brand. Consisting of visuals, such as a logo, and sometimes sounds, such as music used in a television or radio advertisement, a brand is the image that comes to mind when customers think of company. Although each of a firm’s products and services may be branded, there is typically a corporate brand that encompasses the entire organization. Partnering with senior management, a marketing manage creates a brand that aligns with the organization’s mission statement. She then directs internal or external media relations and advertising professionals in the implementation of that brand, producing press releases, commercials and other promotional material. Marketing manager performs a multitude of research aimed at ensuring the firm’s foothold in the industry. He may perform customer research by implementing surveys and hosting focus groups. He may also analyze the advertising activities and sales performance of competitors. In addition, he may assess the state of the economy as it relates to the firm’s industry. Once this research has been compiled, a marketing manager creates various reports based upon his findings. Manager represents his employer in the media. He grants interviews in an effort to promote new products, services or initiatives 1. 1 HUMAN RESOURCE SYSTEM Employees HUMAN RESOURCE PERSONNEL SCOUTING The Human Resources Officer is responsible and accountable for tasks including, but not limited to: Coordinate the administration of the Recruitment and Selection processes, working in conjunction with the Human Resources Coordinator to assist in all facets of the recruitment and selection process, Administer and coordinate Councils Induction program. Facilitate new employee information and maintenance to the Payroll Unit. Assist with the administration and maintenance of the staff performance review process. In conjunction with other members of the HR Unit provide advice on the interpretation of HR Policies, procedures, guidelines and employee relations issues to staff and management. Coordinate the annual Staff Recognition Award in conjunction with the Human Resources Coordinator develop and maintain a centralised position description data base for all WCC positions. Maintain human resource data bases to ensure correct recording of all staff and employment related information as required Assist with preparation of HR metric data reports as required. Coordinate and maintain the Human Resources personnel filing systems. Assist the Human Resources Services Coordinator with the administration of HR systems and process as required. Support the use of Electronic Records Management and Customer Request systems used by the HR Unit. Develop and maintain a sound working knowledge of Council’s Human Resources Information Systems (HRMIS) EVALUATION Employee evaluation is an important tool for businesses and benefits the employer and employee. The human resources department plays a critical role in ensuring that evaluations are done effectively and that the knowledge gained is used to aid in employee development, as well as in HR processes, including recruitment and training. HR departments that effectively design, implement, manage and improve employee evaluation processes can have a measurable impact on the companies they serve. Every evaluation process requires administration, which includes forms, policies and procedures communicated to employees and their managers. An important part of these systems includes the rating system that will be used to evaluate employee performance. MONITORING . HR departments need to continually monitor the evaluation system to ensure that it is meeting the needs of employees, managers and the organization as a whole. Human Resources is not just a function to bring fun to the organization. Human Resources set the standards expected from managers and employees. They do not like it, but Human Resources have to monitor the performance of employees, as HR is co-responsible for the increasing productivity of the organization. You can believe it or not. Human Resources are responsible for setting the employee monitoring policy in the organization as the managers and employees know the limits of their monitoring. The employees should always know, they can be monitored and the organization has the right to focus on specific employees when in doubts of the proper usage of the working time. Human Resources have to set the monitoring policy as it is responsible for the compliance of the monitoring policy with the law. Each country sets its own rules for the monitoring of employees and the monitoring policy can be extremely difficult to implement. The employees can complain about the existence of the employee monitoring policy and the organization has to be extremely sure about the compliance. The monitoring policy has to be straightforward, as the managers understand their own managerial responsibility and the responsibility of Human Resources. The employees have to understand, what kind of the behavior can be monitored and what is the appeal procedure in case of any action. CAREER PATHING The process used by an employee to chart a course within an organization for his or her career path and career development. Career pathing involves understanding what knowledge, skills, personal characteristics, and experience are required for an employee to progress his or her career laterally, or through access to promotions and / or departmental transfers. Career pathing requires an employee to take an honest look at his or her career goals, skills, needed knowledge, experience, and personal characteristics. Career pathing requires the employee to make a plan to obtain what is necessary in each of these areas to carry out his or her career path. With a written career path plan, the employee can approach Human Resources and his or her supervisor for assistance in making the plan happen. In organizations that have a formal process for career pathing in place, such as performance development planning (PDP), the employee receives some support and assistance in his or her efforts to develop a career path. The performance appraisal, in some organizations, is also an opportunity for career pathing. Career pathing is also perceived, in organizations with a formal process, as having institutional support. Here is more career path information. You will find out how an employee can seek assistance in career path development and how organizations can support employees in their efforts to develop and pursue a career path. EMPLOYEE DATA MAINTENANCE As a HR manager, it plays a critical role in maintaining employees’ information in the database. You may also be responsible for assisting them in maintaining their own information in the database. Access to this information is based on your role and determines what information you can view and update in the system. Manager’s Self Service (MSS) is a tool to maintain employees’ position and salary information. Access to this system is granted to managers, payroll coordinators and time keepers. Time keepers, payroll coordinators, and managers will be able to access hourly employees working time information within the Team section of MSS. They will be able to approve, review, modify, or enter time sheets for hourly employees through MSS. Managers and payroll coordinators will be able to hire faculty and temporary employees, including non-compensated affiliates, and initiate employee personnel actions such as promotion, transfers, and terminations. They will be able to view their units organizational chart and export their charts to PDF or PowerPoint formats. They will be able to view all position information including cost distribution, employee group and compensation. MIS CASE STUDY IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY QUESTIONNAIRE 1. What are the advantages of each business unit having its own MIS department? What are the disadvantages? Advantages Management information systems have changed the dynamics of running businesses efficiently. Decentralization is one of the biggest advantages, it allows monitoring of operations at low levels and frees up resources for departmental managers to devote time to strategic activities. Coordination of specialized projects and activities is much better and decision makers in the organization are aware of issues and problems in all departments. Another advantage of MIS is that it minimizes information overload, which can be quite common with conventional businesses in the modern era. Better Planning and Control MIS has to be designed and managed in such way that it aggregates information, monitors the companys activities and operations and enhances communication and collaboration among employees. This ensures better planning for all activities and better ways to measure performance, manage resources and facilitate compliance with industry and government regulations. Control helps in forecasting, preparing accurate budgets and providing the tools and vital information to employees, top management and business partners. Aid Decision Making The purpose of MIS is to generate synthesized and processed information from computerized/automated and certain manual systems. Information distribution to all levels of corporate managers, professionals and key executives becomes quite seamless with streamlined MIS. Managers are able to make quick, timely and informed decisions. Top management and board members can take strategic decisions, plan future growth and business expansion activities based on the data and information generated by MIS. Disadvantages Depending on organization deployment, usage and extraneous factors, some disadvantages related to Management Information Systems can come to the fore. Allocation of budgets for MIS upgrades, modifications and other revisions can be quite tricky at times. If budgets are not allocated uniformly or as per immediate requirements, key functionalities might get effected and benefits might not be realized consistently. Integration issues with legacy systems can affect the quality of output and vital business intelligence reports. Constant Monitoring Issues Change in management, exits or departures of department managers and other senior executives has a broad effect on the working and monitoring of certain organization practices including MIS systems. Since MIS is a critical component of an organizations risk management strategy and allied systems, constant monitoring is necessary to ensure its effectiveness. Quality of inputs into MIS needs to be monitored; otherwise consistency in the quality of data and information generated gets effected. Managers are not able to direct business, operational and decision-making activities with the requisite flexibility. . What are the factors which lead to the success and failure of MIS in an organization? Factors contributing to success of MIS: If MIS is to be success, then it should have all the features listed below: 1) MIS is integrated into the management function. It sets clear objectives to ensure that MIS focuses on the major issues of the business. Also adequate development resources are p rovided and human organizational barriers to progress are removed 2) An appropriate information processing technology required to meet the data processing and analysis needs of the users of MIS is selected. ) MIS is oriented, defined and designed in terms of the users requirements and its operational viability is ensured. 4) MIS is kept under continuous surveillance, sot that its open system is modified according to the changing information needs 5) MIS focuses on results and goals, and highlights the factors and reasons for non achievements. 6) MIS is not allowed to end up into and information generation mill avoiding the noise in the information and the communication system. 7) MIS recognizes that a manager is a human being and therefore, the systems must consider all the human behavioral aspects in the process of management. ) MIS is easy to operate and therefore, the design of MIS has such good features which make up a user friendly design. 9) MIS recognizes that the informatio n needs become obsolete and new needs emerge. The MIS design, therefore, has a potential capability to quickly meet newer and newer needs of information. 10) MIS concentrates on developing the information support to manage critical success factors. It concentrates on the mission critical applications serving the needs of the top management. Factors contributing to failures: Many times, MIS is a failure. The common factors which are responsible for this are as follows: 1) MIS is conceived as a data processing and not as an information system. 2) MIS does not provide that information which in needed by managers but it tends to provide the information generally the function calls for. MIS then becomes an impersonal function. 3) Understanding the complexity in the business systems and not recognizing it in the MIS design leads to problems in the successful implementation. 4) Adequate attention is not given to the quality control aspects of the inputs, the process and the outputs leading to insufficient checks and controls in MIS. ) MIS is developed without streamlining the transaction processing systems in the organizations. 6) Lack of training and appreciation that the users of the information and the generators of the data are different, and they have to play an important role in the MIS. 7) MIS does not meet certain critical and key factors of its users, such as a response to the que ry on the database, an inability to get the processing done in a particular manner, lack of user friendly system and the dependence on the system personnel. ) A belief that the computerized MIS can solve all the management problems of planning and control of the business. 9) Lack of administrative discipline in following the standardized systems and procedures, wrong coding and deviating from the system specifications result in incomplete and incorrect information. 10) MIS does not give perfect information to all users in the organization. Any attempt toward such a goal will be unsuccessful because every user has a human ingenuity, bias and certain assumptions not known to the designer. MIS cannot make up these by providing perfect information. 3. Why there is a need to improve and develop manual transaction processing into MIS processing conforming service quality to customers? The innovativeness of a certain organization like chemical industry will determine how they will respond to the advancements of technology. Since, we are in the era of modern technological age and virtual communication stage, procurement and exploitation through the use of these resources will be more available, feasible, and viable. Managing information with the use of technology into a system will pave the way of making business operations easier and eventually, apex service quality to customers. Service quality is the most determinants of all business organization because it is meeting customer expectations, value, and conforming into specification and standards. A measure of how well the service level delivered matches customer needs and wants as to their satisfaction toward their tasks. A beneficial attribute that prevails desired services from the usual perceived product as to conform with consumers judgment about the products excellence and superiority. 4. What would the chemical industry do to maximize their business operation in terms of their ordering methods and inventory extents? These industry can design a criteria for determining the level of IT tool instead of the manual way of recoding data because due to the fact that orders are manually done, it becomes difficult to tract data that is being collected and an the issue of tracking inventory. Some studies revealed according of orders than manually and items in inventory often results to problems and negligence recording the transactions and missing out orders sheets at the end of each day, which is very tedious. As a result use of information system application makes easy to keep data on customer orders and so do with the inventory level of each item in hand. The application, for example could be a form using the internet to manage data providing online ordering system and communication of customers through electronic devices at the same time monitoring inventory based on the transactions through databases. For this instance, a industry which maintains a database of all orders that its customers make, maybe and better informed about the product that the customer order most. This will help the management to keep track of its supplies and inventory, and know what extra items management needs to procure. 5. How would MIS helps a manager for the development of a certain chemical industry which he or she manages and also on how to make it more profitable as well? More industrial managers are turning to the computer just to provide a timely based information. That is why MIS lot because by this they could help a managers complex system for purchasing/buying storing ,preparing and most importantly the selling of the product which is their main goal . The manager also determines the prices and schedules, makes forecast ,perform an of inventory and other company assets and monitor performance of the employees with the help of this system. Chemical management information system can help to create , an ambiance , by this helps to create a profit because more customers attract and which it means more product are sold it gives more profit it becomes.

Why Do We Value Merit an Example by

Why Do We Value Merit? The virtuous are rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts. This exact sentence is the main argument of Louis Pojman in his article entitled Merit: Why Do We Value It? Pojman was able to emphasize his theory that about the concept of desert wherein a person should be given what is due to him or her. In this sense, Pojman gave importance to the intention and motive of an individual in doing an action. Merit is given to a person not simply because of the natural talents and abilities that one has but rather for the intention that he or she has as well as the related actions that make it possible for him or her to hone the abilities that he or she possesses. In line with this, after carefully analyzing and studying the arguments that Pojman in comparison with philosophers like John Rawls, it is quite evident that Pojman was able to make a sound argument in his belief that every person should get what is due to him or her, which is the exact idea of desert . Need essay sample on "Why Do We Value Merit?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The belief of John Rawls tends to contradict Pojmans concept of desert. Rawls asserted that individuals do not deserve the merit that they acquire from the abilities and talents that they have like their intelligence. This is due to the fact that these characteristics does not really come from them bur rather they were able to gain it through the natural lottery of life. Natural lottery is the belief that every persons characteristics, abilities, and other genetically related factors are give to an individual without his or her control. As a result, the benefits that would be gain from it should not simply be enjoyed by the respective individual but rather it should be after the good of numerous people or the entire society. This kind of thinking is similar with the idea of utilitarianism and socialism. They want to achieve equality by giving every individual equal, opportunity, resource, and other means that they need without putting into consideration that the other is more intelli gent than the other or that he or she could contribute more (Pojman, 1999). On the other hand, Pojman emphasize that applying the idea of utilitarianism and socialism makes it unjust for some people to get the same amount of resources despite the fact that they did and contribute more as compared with others. This could be exemplified by the scenario wherein an employee was able to produce twice the amount of output as compared with the other employees but he still get the same salary like his other co-workers. This productive employee is not given what is due to him. He is exerting the necessary effort and diligence in order to work more but his salary is still same with those who produced average output or sometimes even lower than that. In line with this, he is being treated unjustly because of the fact that the product of his hard work is not being compensated properly. The utilitarian and socialist perspective that pertains to the idea of sacrificing individual benefits for the good of the society in terms of equal distribution of resources, opportunities, and other factors was also address by Pojman. He highlighted that the idea of utilitarianism is to make maximum consumption of utilities or resources. In doing so, they need the help of talented and skilled individuals in order to make maximize these utilities. As a result, they also have to give importance to those people who work more and contribute more in order to establish a sound and productive society (Pojman, 1999). Louis Pojman also made clear distinction between merit and desert in order to clearly show his point. Merit is the reward given to an individual because of the skills, talents and abilities that he or she has. These pertain to the characteristics an individual gained through the natural lottery. An example of this is a beauty contest wherein the winner will be judged based upon their physical attractiveness. The genetically good-looks of a person is something that is beyond her control. It something that is simply given to her since birth, which she did not do anything in order to achieved it but she will still be merited because of it. On the other hand, the concept of desert gives importance to the intention, motive, and action of a person. This describes the willingness of a person to do something in order to enhance and put to good use the natural talents and abilities that was given to him or her (Pojman, 1999). This could be exemplified by the idea of being diligent. If an indi vidual who was given the talent to dance well hone this ability in order to become a really good dancer and in the process help other people then he deserve the reward that will be given to him. The main argument of Pojman that entails rewarding the virtuous person and punishing the vicious one is also clearly proven as a deontological principle because of the supporting details that he enumerated. He was able to discuss different verses from the Bible both in the old and new testaments as well as teachings in other religion that supported his argument. The intention and corresponding action of an individual in order to develop his or her natural skills to contribute something good is also one of the main lessons that is preach in almost all religions. This could be seen in one of the law-like principle rules in the Judeo-Christian Scripture, which states whatsoever a person sows, that shall he also reap (Pojman, 1999). Even the idea of the golden rule also follows Pojmans argument wherein as you do, you shall be done by (Pojman, 1999). The discussion above clearly shows that virtue should be rewarded and vice should be punished. This gives a sense of justice because the standard of proportionality is between the input of action and output of reward or punishment that an individual should obtain. In relation to this, it is also important to emphasize Pojmans notion of merit as something that is based upon desert and moral effort. As a result, merit is not simply seen as reward given to an individual because of the natural abilities that he or she has. It also give due consideration and importance to his or her intention to do good by working hard in order to develop what he or she possesses and use it as a means to help other people. This kind of action is indeed something that is worthy of a merit because it is a combination of natural skills and moral effort. Reference Pojman, L. (1999). Merit: Why Do We Value It? Journal of Social Philosophy 30, 83-102. Why Do We Value Merit an Example by Why Do We Value Merit?

Review of Related Literature Essays

Review of Related Literature Essays Review of Related Literature Essay Review of Related Literature Essay The researchers had found the following studies and literature as relevant to the system being proposed. Foreign Studies College classes are different from high school classes; that goes without saying. However, how exactly the two types of class differ seems to be a topic on which nobody can quite manage to agree. One high school teacher will swear that college is nothing but piles and piles of reading and memorization, while another might say that you can expect to primarily work on critical thinking and writing. The truth is everyones experience in college is different. Despite the differences, there are some things you can do to choose classes wisely and succeed in your college classes. When youre choosing college classes, you may be disappointed to learn that many of your choices are dictated by your school or your department. Most colleges and universities have general education requirements that students will need to fulfill in order to graduate. This chapter also tells us how automation and computer software greatly accelerate human technological processes and advancement. Foreign Literature India’s higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and United State. The main governing body at tertiary level is the University Grants Commission. Which enforces its standards, advises the government, and help coordinate between the center and the state? Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. As of 2009, India has 2 central university 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the state act, and 13 institutes which are of national importance. Other institutions include 16000 colleges, including 1800 exclusive women’s colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. A software development and IT service firm implemented its catalyst in Governor Andres Pascual College was integrated web platform to provide content management, transaction processing, marketing and interactive community functions to the two rice schools. Catalyst  delivers on the Jones Schools two primary criteria for selecting web-based platform simplifying content management, and enabling user’s response to information such as event RSVP and course registration. The content management tools let the Jones school staff edits update or add to the volume of curriculum and event information without calling for technical assistance. They simply cut and paste document into the content management system audit for consisting and publish to the web. The schools diverse audiences, which include MBAs executive Mb As executive education participants, and alumni, now receive prompt notifications of news

How to Take an Independent Study Class in High School

How to Take an Independent Study Class in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Is there a particular subject you’d like to study, but your high school doesn’t offer it? You may be able to take an independent study! Independent studies can be a great way to take a class your school doesn’t offer but you’d still like to take, whether to strengthen your college applications, prepare for future jobs, or just out of personal interest. Read on to learn about independent studies, what their benefits are, and how you can take one yourself. What Is an Independent Study? An independent study is a class taken by a student that has much less supervision and direction than a typical class: you are learning independently.Students often take independent studies to learn about a specific subject not taught in their high school.Generally, you choose what you want your independent study to focus on and request for it to be approved by your school. You often have to have a detailed plan of what you will learn and the work you will do. Independent studies can be pre-designed, where the materials and coursework have already been created, or self-designed, where you are responsible for developing the curricula for the course. If approved by your high school, you will receive credit for your independent study, just like any other class you take, though the number of credits you receive may vary. Learning independently doesn’t mean you can do whatever you want. You will usually be assigned an adviser (often a teacher or guidance counselor) who will oversee your course and make sure you are putting in enough work to justify getting credit for your independent study.Depending on the class and your school, you may take your independent study during the school day or outside of school. Why Would You Want to Take an Independent Study? Why are some students interested in taking an independent study? There are multiple reasons, the most common of which are listed below. To Take a Class Your School Doesn't Offer This is the most common reason students pursue an independent study. You may want to study a particular subject, such as a less-common foreign language, particular branch of science, or a specific time period in history, but it isn’t taught at your school. You may be interested in studying this subject for your own personal enjoyment or to help prepare you for college classes or future jobs. Pursuing an independent study gives you an opportunity to learn about this topic while still receiving high school credit. If your school doesn’t offer certain AP classes, you may also be able to take an independent study that allows you to prepare for a particular AP exam. Your independent study will most likely not be counted as an AP class, but you can still take the AP exam and possibly receive college credit if you earn a high enough score. To Work In-Depth on a Project You may have a project that you started for another class or on your own and want to be able to devote a significant amount of time to working on it. Potential projects can range from works of art to a research paper and more. Taking an independent study can give you more time to devote to a project you care about than you likely would be able to in a traditional class. To Learn at Your Own Pace Independent studies can also be a good option for students who want to learn at a faster or slower pace. Perhaps you are a strong math student and want to be able to move quickly through lessons, or maybe you want to study a specific subject very in-depth and move at a slower pace to make sure you take in all the information. Because you are learning on your own, independent studies let you set the pace. If You Can't Fit a Class Into Your Schedule In some circumstances, your school may offer a class you are interested in but can’t take during the time it’s offered. If your schedule prevents you from taking a certain class, your school may allow you to take an independent study and learn the subject on your own while having the same homework and exams as the students in the regular class. Special Circumstances, Such as Injury or Illness Sometimes students are unable to come to school regularly or at all due to injury, illness, or for another reason. Some high schools allow students to take independent studies from their home to continue learning until they are able to return to school. If you're ill for a long period of time, you may be able to take an independent study to keep up with your school work. Just what you need to feel better!(WindRanch/Flickr) How to Set up an Independent Study For most high schools, setting up an independent study is fairly straightforward. Follow these steps to organize your own. 1. Decide What You Want to Study The first step to setting up an independent study is to decide what subject you want your course to focus on. This can be anything from Swahili to Asian history to AP psychology and more. In order to choose what to study, make a list of topics that interest you as well as a list of any skills or information you're interested in learning. To help make these lists, think about your favorite classes, what you'd like to study in college, and topics you enjoy learning about in your spare time. Choose your favorites from these lists and research them online or at the library. Are the topics still interesting now that you've looked into them more? Do you think you'd be able to design or find a course that covers one of them in-depth enough to last a semester? Once you have decided on a topic that fits the above requirements and you think will be interesting and informative, double-check your school's course catalog to make sure they don't offer a similar course. 2.Learn Your School’s Policy for Independent Studies After you have decided what you want to study, talk to your guidance counselor to find out what your school’s policy is for independent studies. Questions to ask include if your school allows them, who advises them, and what materials are required in order to receive approval. 3. Develop Your Course Plan The next step is to design the course. The work you do for this step will depend on if your independent study is pre-designed or self-designed. If pre-designed: choose where you want to order your materials from. Many colleges and companies offer independent study courses. Search online to find courses that cover your specific topic. Brigham Young Universityis one of the most popular schools to order course materials from, and their website includes a course catalog so you can see a complete list of the classes they offer. Before ordering, make sure the course covers the information you want it to cover (there should be a syllabus you can view), and that it has enough material to last you asemester. Your school may also provide you with a textbook if they have one that covers the topic you want to study. Also, be aware that the material typically costs at least $100 per course. After you receive your materials, make sure the lesson plans and timeline will fit with your schedule. If not, make some adjustments before submitting the course for approval. If you are designing your own class, then you will have more work to do. You will often need to develop a course description, syllabus, list of reading materials, and list of assignments. If you need help developing these materials, ask your teachers or guidance counselor for advice. You may also be able to find syllabi or reading lists online for similar courses that you can use as a basis to develop your own class. 4. Get Your Class Approved After you have created or found a solid course plan, you will submit it to your school for approval. The people who approve your course varies by school, but it may include teachers, guidance counselors, and deans. They may ask you questions about your course to get more information and make changes to your course plan before approving it. You will likely be assigned an adviser, usually a teacher or counselor, to oversee your independent study. Once you get your independent study approved, you're ready to start learning! 5. Start Learning! After your independent study has been approved, it will be added to your transcript either immediately or at the start of the next semester. If you have not already done so, decide when you will work on your independent study, either during the school day or after. Meet with your adviserand discuss how often you will check in with each other. Things to Consider Before Taking an Independent Study Independent studies can be a great learning opportunity for students, but they aren't for everyone. Ask yourself the following questions before enrolling in an independent study to make sure it's the right choice for you. How Self-Motivated Are You? Taking an independent study can be more difficult than a traditional course because you have to keep yourself on track. While you will have an adviser to supervise the course, you will be the one in charge of making sure you are completing enough work; there will be no teacher to give you assignments every day. Some people find this easier than others, so think honestly about how self-motivated you are before you embark on an independent study. Do You Know What Your Curricula Will Be? Are you prepared to design your own course or search for a course package? For traditional classes, the teacher does this work, and as any of them will tell you, designing a class takes a lot of time and effort. Make sure you have the time and desire to do this. If you are ordering a course package, make sure it is from a reputable school or organization. There are some companies that sell very poor-quality or bare-bones course packages just to make a profit. Ordering from an accredited school is often more reliablethan a for-profit company, but always search for online reviews to see what other customers are saying no matter where you order from. Do You Have Space in Your Schedule? Your independent study may not count towards your graduation requirements, and if it doesn’t, make sure you have enough room in your schedule to complete your required classes as well as your independent study. Not doing so could delay your graduation or cause you to have to take an extra class in the future. Are You OKWith Learning Alone? Not only will you not have a regular teacher in an independent study, you will also not have fellow students in your class. Some people enjoy learning on their own, but others prefer working in groups, hearing other people’s opinions during class, and having classmates to call for homework help. Consider how you will feel not having those things before deciding to take an independent study. Think about whether you'd enjoy learning without any classmates before you enroll in an independent study. What If You Can’t Take an Independent Study? You may not always be able to take an independent study, for a variety of reasons. Your school may not have approved it, you may not have space in your schedule, or you may have had difficulty finding material to fill an entire course. If that’s the case, you still have other options for studying a topic you are interested in. Learn on Your Own While you won’t get school credit for it, if there is a subject you are really interested in, you can always choose to study it outside of school for your own personal benefit. You will still gain knowledge that can be used for future classes and jobs, even if it isn’t included on your transcript, and you may enjoy learning about the subject even more knowing you won’t be tested on it. If you do decide to go this route, it may be possible for you to include your work as an extracurricular on your college applications or write about it as part of your college admissions essay. Take a Community College Class If you can’t take an independent study, taking a class at a community college may be an option if they offer a course on the subject. Your high school may not give you high school credit it for it, but you can always include it on your college applications, and you may get college credit for taking it. Wait Until College Colleges often have a much wider variety of course offerings than high schools. If there is a subject that you’d like to learn about, but you can’t take an independent study or prefer to learn in a traditional classroom environment, you may want to consider waiting until college to take a class on it. Do a Project on the Topic for Another Class While you likely won’t be able to study the topic as in-depth as you would in an independent study, you may be able to learn about your topic of choice in a related class. For example, if you want to study Asian history, you may be able to write a report or do a project on it as part of your regular history class. This allows you keep a normal schedule while also learning about topics that interest you. Summary Taking an independent study can be a great way to study a subject not offered by your high school. You can create your own course or purchase a pre-designed course package. Before taking an independent study, make sure you will be motivated enough to learn on your own and will enjoy taking a class by yourself. To get more information, talk to your guidance counselor to learn your school’s policy on independent studies. If you can’t take an independent study, there are other options, such as taking a community college class or learning on your own. What's Next? Wondering what all the possible classes you can take in high school are? We have a complete list of all high school classes offered to help you give you ideas for potential independent studies. Do you know what classes you should take in high school? Check out our guide to the standard high school curriculum and learn how to plan your class schedule. Electives are some of the most interesting classes you can take in high school. Do you know which ones you should take? Read our guide to help choose which electives are best for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Film Art - History of Film or World Cinema Research Paper

Film Art - History of Film or World Cinema - Research Paper Example Editors show people the best visuals of a movie and leave the rest. It is those selected pieces that decide a movie’s fate at the hands of the viewers. The real question is, what is it that makes a movie move? And probably there is no certain answer or at least a unanimous satisfying answer to that, however, theoretically, the â€Å"persistence of vision† (pp. 2-3) is what really makes a film move. The image that stays on the retina of the eye, its duration and most importantly the effect it has on the sensory nerves of the brain makes it a complete motion picture. Any artistic piece of work branches out of a form; it is something that helps to create the linkage between ideas. The concreteness of an idea is the most important concept in any form of art, especially in the art of Filming. As in films, one tries to synchronize various dots, in order to transform a big picture. If any of the questions remained unanswered, a communication gap arises among the audience of that art. Symmetry in the presentation of any idea is the most important part of the creation of an art. The way in which the sculpture is shaped, its volume, its colour, texture and every minute detail required to address the desired audience if the Form of that art (Pp. 39). Like in any other form of art, in Film to this creation of the form is of real importance. But along with this aspect, there are various other inter-related areas which are either dependent or independent on the Form, which will be discussed in the paragraphs below: Form and Content are two separate but inter-related elements in any type of art. You could form the exterior of any type but the content with which this exterior will fill in with is of the same, but at times of more importance than the Form itself. The slight difference between the form and content is that a form needs to perfectly consistent; while on the other hand, the content is more subjective it could be moulded according to the needs and demand of the form.  Ã‚  

An object in the field of study of radiology Essay

An object in the field of study of radiology - Essay Example There are two distinctive nuclear procedures that can handle X-ray photons. One of it is called Bremsstrahlung. They can both happen in the overwhelming molecules of tungsten The adversely ran after electron abates in the wake of swinging around the core of an absolutely charged tungsten iota. This vitality misfortune produces X-ray radiation. Electrons are scattered flexibly and in flexibly by the decidedly charged core. The in flexibly scattered electron loses vitality, which shows up as Bremsstrahlung. Flexibly scattered electrons (which incorporate backscattered electrons) are by and large scattered through bigger plot. In the collaboration, numerous photons of diverse wavelengths are handled, however it is believed that none of the prevailing photons have more vitality than the electron needed in the first place. In the wake of discharging the range of X-ray and its radiation, the first electron is eased off or ceased (Panichello, 2004). X-ray tubes generate x-ray photons by means of quickening a flow of electrons to energies of a few hundred kilo-volts with speeds of a few hundred kilometres for every hour and impacting them into a substantial target material. The sharp quickening of the charged particles well known as electrons generates Bremsstrahlung photons. However, X-ray radiation characterised by a constant range of energies is handled with an extent from a couple of keV to a greatest of the vitality of the electron pillar. Target materials for streamlined tubes are normally tungsten, which implies that the wave capacities of the hurdle tungsten electrons are needed. The inborn filtration of an X-ray tube must be figured, and controlled by the sum that the electron infiltrates into the surface of the mark and by the kind of vacuum window present. Keep in mind that molecules have their electrons masterminded in shut "shells" of diverse energies. The K-shell is the most reduced vitality state of a particle. An

Entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneur Essay Personality traits of an entrepreneur depend on number of factors. There have been various researches and studies in order to understand these factors and the relationship between these factors and entrepreneur personality traits and characteristics. Personality and behavioral factors, environmental factors, action factors, social and cultural factors and political and legal factors impact the personality and characteristics of entrepreneur (Bolton Thompson; 2000, Hayton, J C, Salvato, C and Zahra S A; 2004, Lumpkin, G.  T. Dess, G. G. ; 1996, Sandberg, William R. 1992). According to Robinson and Sexton (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) from a sample of over 181,000 people culled from the 1980 U. S. Census indicated that education is positively related to entrepreneurship and self-employment. In another study conducted by Crant (1996) the research established relationship between the demographic factors like age, sex and family background and entrepreneurship. According to the results of these studies young people are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than people of old age, numbers of males aspiring for entrepreneurship was more than females and people with business family background are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than others. The family support in financial and psychological matters strengthens the efforts towards achieving his goals. Entrepreneur while using family finances for his business becomes more vigilant and careful to the risks and returns. Social and cultural set up is very important in entrepreneurship. According to Barney, Clark, Alvarez (2003 as cited in Hayton, Salvato and Zahra, 2004) â€Å"Furthermore, the kinship-ties that are unique to family firms are believed to have a positive effect upon entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. † In the same work of Hayton, Salvato and Zahra (2004) it is quoted that â€Å"Owner managers also understand that their family firms survival depends on their ability to enter new markets and revitalize existing operations in order to create new businesses (Ward, 1987). In the work of Covin and Miles, (1999) they mentioned the observations of Burgelman, Kosnik, and van den Pol (1988) which refers to the introduction of a new product, process, technology, system, technique, resource, or capability to the firm or its markets. According to Covin and Miles (1999) entrepreneurs can be characterized by their bypass strategies and product market pioneering strategies. While the level of aspirations is partly determined by the level of skills, it is also affected by the values and personality traits of the entrepreneur (Hollenbeck Whitener, 1988; March Simon, 1958). March Simon (1958) also postulated that environment (context) affects aspirations. (Harron and Sapienza, 1992) Harron and Sapienza, (1992) suggested a model which determines interaction between personal values and context and personality traits and context. Numbers of studies have been conducted to understand entrepreneur process and develop a conceptual frame work around it. Krueger and Brazeal (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial potential whereas Naffziger, Hornsby, and Kuratko (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial motivation. These studies have provided base to other studies conducted to develop conceptual framework and models of entrepreneurial personality traits and characteristics. As cited by Moon (1999) â€Å"Risk-taking here is a strict managerial term discussing the propensity for organizational change and innovative decision-making. † The interview revealed that Paul defines entrepreneurs with their risk taking opportunity exploiting abilities. This is one of the characteristics of personality of an entrepreneur. Paul’s statement support Moon (1999) view regarding risk taking and decision making behavior. Paul appears to be aggressive in his tone and enthusiastic about his work. His risk taking ability is backed by the calculative measures and market studies as he says â€Å"I see the risks that I take being very calculated and not designed to lose money†. Paul utilizes marketing tools for promotion and increase the visibility of his products. In his statement he says â€Å"we’re probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers†. He converted his hobby into his business. This was an area where he has knowledge as well as interest. He is a well educated person. He has gained experience prior to starting his own business. He gives importance to the support he receives from his social system; family and friends. He is persistence with his work, has good planning skills and organized in his work. He is quick in his responses and provides immediate feedback to any kind of change in market place or within their organization. His energy levels and enthusiasm are high. He is very independent and goal oriented. He has a vision and goal and he works in order to achieve his goals. He is very committed to his work. He takes personal initiatives to achieve his objectives. He is very competitive. This can be inferred from his statement that â€Å"we are probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers. † He constantly looks for market opportunities and goals.

Classification Essay: The Types of Drinkers -- Classification Essay

â€Å"I drink to make other people more interesting.† ― Ernest Hemingway In the great world of tending bar there is a myriad selection of customers one would encounter; The Social Drinker, The Self Defined Outcast, The Fish Out of Water, and last but never the least, The Freshman. Each level of drinker has its advantages in social circles and also has equal negative repercussions. Most of these classes aren't built from years of drinking, rather are formed through the personality traits they already have developed through their childhood and young adulthood. Only when alcohol is introduced to the equation, we see these great classifications shine through and become polished for all to enjoy. In the wild, one would typically encounter the common Social Drinker before all others. This class is rampant through the wasteland's strip bar culture in most urban sprawls. They commonly drink with one or more others of their kind, mostly drinking colorful shots made with fruity vodkas. The sightings start as early as 3:00 pm on weekdays when most others are at work. These drinkers are the bartender's best customer most of the time due to there usual 1.00$ tip for each drink they order and rarely make unneeded work for the bar keep; Starting fights, keeping the bar top clean, and mostly, not too loud. However, this classification opens the door for more treacherous foe. The hardest to engage and even classify is The Self Defined Outcast. The minute they walk into the bar they usually eye up the bar and stay, but only if there is Social Drinkers. The reasoning I presume for this action is due to not wanting to drink alone in a bar, but still drink alone in a corner, or at the end of the bar. With their he... ...he air with gusto. Everyone in the bar saw it coming and yet the bartender still let it happen.. I would like to call it boredom on the bartender's behalf due to wanting something to stir up the crowd and get the Freshman out the door and make the scene balanced once again. The next time you walk into a bar and see that all the elements seem to be at balance and the bartender is smiling ear to ear, you'll know that this will be the bar you'll stay at. The Social Drinker came early and set the stage by drinking with the Outcast, making him socially acceptable. The Freshman has already been kicked out for dropping his third beer and The Fish Out Of Water is starting drinking games, all the while, Huey Lewis And The News is blaring from the speakers. A bartender dreams of this perfect balance of Bar goers on a nightly basis and here it is at-last.

Bus 642 Week 2

Page 50 1 – A Competitive Coup in the In-Flight Magazine. What are the most prudent decisions she can make about her responsibilities to herself and others? The most prudent decision that she can make to herself, her organization and the competition is to turn the document over to one of the airline personnel. She should continue on with her research because even though she saw the competitor’s results she may be able to find more information that may change the end results. She should also inform the organizations ethicist along with her manager.What are the implications of those decisions even if there is no violation of law or regulation? The implications of her actions are more personal values along with showing her manager, the airline personnel, and the competitor’s organization that she works for an ethical organization and that she herself is able to conduct herself in a manner that is a positive reflection of her organization. Page 155 Terms in Review 1 – Distinguish between the following: A Exploratory and formal studies. Exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with the objective of discovering future research tasks.The immediate purpose of exploration is usually to develop hypothesis or questions for further research. Formal study begins where the exploration leaves off – it begins with the hypothesis or research question and involves precise procedures and data source specifications. The goal of a formal research design is to test the hypotheses or answer the research questions posed. B Experimental and ex post facto research designs. Experimental or experiment – the researcher attempts to control and or manipulate the variables in the study.Ex post facto design – the investigators have no control over the variables; to do so introduces bias. C Descriptive and causal studies. Descriptive study is if the research is concerned with finding out who, what, where, when, or how much. Casual studies are if a study is concerned with learning why – that is, how one variable produces changes in another. 2 – Establishing causality is difficult, whether conclusions have been derived inductively or deductively. A Explain and elaborate on the implications of this statement.Casualty or the relation between cause and effect is difficult to establish whether the conclusions have been derived inductively or deductively because anything that affects an effect is a factor of that effect. There can be direct or indirect factors that affect an effect. B Why is ascribing causality more difficult when conclusions have been reached through induction? It is difficult to ascribe causality when the conclusion is reached through induction because one cannot attribute to a specific source or origin when logic was used as the bases for the conclusion.C Correlation does not imply causation. Illustrate this point with examples from business. In my husband’s company they are waiting for the election to determine the future growth of the organization but does the appointment of a republican over a democrat or vice versa really have that much cause and effect. Another example would be people in the UK tend to spend more in the shops when it's cold and less when it's hot doesn't mean cold weather causes frenzied high-street spending. A more plausible explanation would be that cold weather tends to coincide with Christmas and the new year sales. Green, 2012) 3 – Using yourself as the subject, give an example of each of the following asymmetrical relationships: A Stimulus-response A change in Relay for Life directors for in my community lead to a change in volunteer position. B Property-disposition As my husband and get older our priorities changed and are centered more at increasing our for the future. C Disposition-behavior d Property-behavior As I have increased in age my exercise routine has changed to fit my current life style and age.And as I have incre ased in age the quality of my output has increased. 4 – Why not use more control variables rather than depend on randomization as the means of controlling extraneous variables? An extraneous variable are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables that an experimenter is examining. Another way to think of this, is that these are variables the influence the outcome of an experiment, though they are not the variables that are actually of interest. These variables are undesirable because they add error to an experiment.A major goal in research design is to decrease or control the influence of extraneous variables as much as possible. (Extraneous and Confounding Variables and Systematic vs Non-Systematic Error, NA) Using extraneous variables allows one to encounter real life circumstances that controlled variables do not allow. 5 – Researchers seek causal relationships by either experimental or ex post facto research designs. A In what ways are these two approaches similar? Experimental and ex post facto research designs are similar in that this is the power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study.B In what ways are they different? † Experimental and ex post facto research designs are different in that experimental research design the researcher attempts to control or manipulate the variables and in an ex post factor the researcher has no control over the variables. Page 388 7 – Your large firm is about to change to a customer-centered organization structure, in which employees who have rarely had customer contact will now likely significantly influence customer satisfaction and retention.As part of the transition, your superior wants an accurate evaluation of the morale of the firm’s large number of computer technicians. What type of sample would you draw if it was to be an unrestricted sample? The type of sample that I would draw if it were to be an unrestricted sample wo uld be a simple sample. This sample would draw its elements from the population. With simple random sampling, the estimates of the mean and variance are unbiased and the precision of the estimate of the mean can be assessed.However, this precision may be low if the sample is not well distributed over the population. It is also likely to be low if the population is variable and the intensity of sampling is low. References: Green, N. (2012, January 2012). Correlation is not causation. Retrieved from Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/science/blog/2012/jan/06/correlation-causation Extraneous and Confounding Variables and Systematic vs Non-Systematic Error. (NA). Retrieved from Pstchology World: http://web. mst. edu/~psyworld/extraneous. htm

Co-Occurring Disorders and Addiction Essay

Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction is seldom as simple as merely addressing the particular chemicals addict is taking into his body. More often than not, addicts suffer from other disorders in conjunction with their chemical dependency. The clinical reference to such a condition is called co-occurring disorders (Doweiko, 2012). According to Arias and Kranzler (2008) an estimated 1. 1 percent of the U. S. population has an alcohol use disorder with a co-occurring use disorder (DUD). This type of co-morbidity is sometimes referred to as homotypic co ­morbidity or dual dependence. According to Doweiko (2012), dual diagnosis clients refer to patients that suffer from a concurrent form of mental illness and an SUD. Co-occurring substance disorders include but are not limited to anorexia, bulimia, gambling, abuse (spousal), compulsive shopping, AIDS, and compulsive sexual behaviors (Doweiko, 2012). People who are active substance abusers or withdrawal from many drugs of abuse can magnify or simulate symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Addiction is common in people with mental health problems. Although substance abuse and mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are closely linked, one does not directly cause the other (Doweiko, 2012). In a dual diagnosis, both the mental health issue and the drug or alcohol addiction have their own unique symptoms that may get in the way of your ability to function, handle life’s difficulties, and relate to others (Stinson, et al. , 2005). To make the situation more complicated, the co-occurring disorders also affect each other and interact. According to Stinson et al (2005) when a mental health problem goes untreated, the substance abuse problem usually worsens and when alcohol or drug abuse increases, mental health problems will likely increase as well. An essential step to gaining freedom from addiction involves understanding the dynamics of addiction. The addiction cycle describes the reoccurring process that takes place as person struggles with their addiction(s). Co-occurring disorders and addiction relation to the addiction cycle is that addictive behaviors offer a fake sense of escape, pleasure, and involve psychological or physiological dependence. According to Scalise (2012) the increased symptoms and challenging treatment process add to difficulties of breaking the addiction cycle. The addiction cycle begins with pain which leads individuals to reach their absolute lowest, which many calle â€Å"hitting bottom† and then seek relief (i. . treatment). The addiction cycle continues with the addictive behaviors leading the individual to feel good just before crashing and experiencing pain again, thus restarting the cycle (Scalise, 2012). Understanding co-occurring disorders is vital to the proper treatment of chemical dependency clients. If all co-occurring disorders are effectively dealt with, there’s no reason why the addict should not regain their life as a drug-free member of society.

Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick

â€Å"Perhaps, properly speaking, Dickens had no ideas on any subject; what he had was a vast sympathetic participation in the daily life of mankind; and what he saw of ancient institutions made him hate them, as needless sources of oppression, misery, selfishness, and rancour.† –George Santayana Rules. Guidelines. Laws. From the beginning of time, people have lived under the heavy thumb of expectations placed upon them by others. What to do and when to do it, what to say and when to say it somehow societies have come up with their own rulebooks for what is permissible and what is to be looked down upon, leaving each man to choose between his inner yearnings and the clarion call of the organized civilization. This problem faces John Wemmick in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. On the surface, Wemmick appears as a dedicated worker and an upstanding member of society who maintains a healthy domestic lifestyle. Upon closer inspection, we see that Wemmick plays host to two polar personalities: the hard working, upstanding worker in bustling London, and the amiable, carefree resident of Walworth. Through careful examination of Wemmick’s character, Dickens prompts his reader to reflect upon the two sides of humanity as a whole. In Victorian society, employees were expected to carry themselves with a degree of professionalism and excellence. Caring for others and becoming emotionally involved in work were seen as signs of weakness. Mr. Jaggers, Wemmick’s employer and literary counterpart, appears completely eaten up by his work. He takes his courtroom attitude with him everywhere, to the point that others avoid conversation with him for fear of being cross-examined. Wemmick passes on this soame air of intimidation to Jagger’s clients as he collects funds and â€Å"portable property.† However, this attitude is not truly characteristic of Wemmick. He says, â€Å"[The way I carry myself in] the office is one thing, private life ... Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick â€Å"Perhaps, properly speaking, Dickens had no ideas on any subject; what he had was a vast sympathetic participation in the daily life of mankind; and what he saw of ancient institutions made him hate them, as needless sources of oppression, misery, selfishness, and rancour.† –George Santayana Rules. Guidelines. Laws. From the beginning of time, people have lived under the heavy thumb of expectations placed upon them by others. What to do and when to do it, what to say and when to say it somehow societies have come up with their own rulebooks for what is permissible and what is to be looked down upon, leaving each man to choose between his inner yearnings and the clarion call of the organized civilization. This problem faces John Wemmick in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. On the surface, Wemmick appears as a dedicated worker and an upstanding member of society who maintains a healthy domestic lifestyle. Upon closer inspection, we see that Wemmick plays host to two polar personalities: the hard working, upstanding worker in bustling London, and the amiable, carefree resident of Walworth. Through careful examination of Wemmick’s character, Dickens prompts his reader to reflect upon the two sides of humanity as a whole. In Victorian society, employees were expected to carry themselves with a degree of professionalism and excellence. Caring for others and becoming emotionally involved in work were seen as signs of weakness. Mr. Jaggers, Wemmick’s employer and literary counterpart, appears completely eaten up by his work. He takes his courtroom attitude with him everywhere, to the point that others avoid conversation with him for fear of being cross-examined. Wemmick passes on this soame air of intimidation to Jagger’s clients as he collects funds and â€Å"portable property.† However, this attitude is not truly characteristic of Wemmick. He says, â€Å"[The way I carry myself in] the office is one thing, private life ...

Aardvark Fast Facts

Aardvark Fast Facts Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are known by several common names including antbears and anteaters; they are native to sub-Saharan Africa. The name aardvark is Afrikaans  (a daughter language of Dutch) for earth pig. Despite these common names, aardvarks are not closely related to bears, pigs, or anteaters. Instead, they occupy their own distinct order: Tubulidentata. Fast Facts: Aardvark Scientific Name: Orycteropus aferCommon Names: Aardvark, antbear, anteater, Cape anteaters, earth pigBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Up to 6.5 feet long, 2 feet at shoulder heightWeight: 110–175 poundsLifespan: 10 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Sub-saharan AfricaPopulation: Not quantifiedConservation Status: Least Concern Description Aardvarks are medium-sized mammals (weighing 110–175 pounds and up to 6.5 feet long) with a bulky body, arched back, medium-length legs, long ears (resembling those of a donkey), a long snout, and a thick tail. They have a sparse coat of coarse grayish brown fur covering their body. Aardvarks have four toes on their front feet and five toes on their rear feet. Each toe has a flat, sturdy nail that they use for digging burrows and tearing into insect nests in search of food. Aardvarks have very thick skin which provides them protection from insect bites and even the bites of predators. Their teeth lack enamel and, as a result, wear down and must regrow continuously- the teeth are tubular and hexagonal in cross-section. Aardvarks have small eyes and their retina only contains rods (this means they are color-blind). Like many nocturnal animals, aardvarks have a keen sense of smell and very good hearing. Their front claws are especially robust, enabling them to dig burrows and break open termite nests with ease. Their long, serpentine tongue (10–12 inches) is sticky and can gather up ants and termites with great efficiency. The classification of the aardvark was controversial at one time. Aardvarks were formerly classified in the same group as  armadillos, sloths, and anteaters. Today, genetic studies have shown that the aardvark is classified in the order called the Tubulidentata (tube-toothed), and the family Orycteropodidae: They are the only animal in either order or family. Shongololo90/Getty Images   Habitat and Range Aardvarks inhabit a variety of habitats including savannas, shrublands, grasslands, and woodlands. Although they once lived in Europe and Asia, today their range extends throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, every ecosystem except marshes, deserts, and very rock terrains. Bridgena_Barnard/Getty Images   Diet and Behavior Aardvarks forage at night, covering extensive distances (as much as 6 miles per night) in search of food. To find food, they swing their noses from side to side over the ground, trying to detect their prey by scent. They feed almost exclusively on termites and ants and can consume up to 50,000 insects in a single night. They occasionally supplement their diet by feeding on other insects, plant material or the occasional small mammal. Solitary, nocturnal mammals, aardvarks spend the daylight hours safely tucked away inside their borrows and emerge to feed during the late afternoon or early evening. Aardvarks are extraordinarily fast diggers and can excavate a hole 2 feet deep in less than 30 seconds. The main predators of aardvarks include lions, leopards, and pythons. Aardvarks dig three types of burrows in their ranges: relatively shallow foraging burrows, larger temporary shelters to hide from predators and more complex burrows for permanent residence. They share their permanent residences with other creatures but not other aardvarks. Investigation of the residential burrows has shown that compared to the surrounding soil, soil inside the burrow is cooler (between 4 and 18 degrees F cooler depending on the time of day), and moister. The differences remained the same no matter how old the burrow was, leading researchers to name the aardvark an ecological engineer. Reproduction and Offspring Aardvarks reproduce sexually and form pairs only for a short time during the breeding season. Females give birth to one or rarely two cubs after a gestation period of 7–8 months. In northern Africa, Aardvarks give birth from October to November; in the south, from May and July. The young are born with their eyes open. The mother nurses the young until they are 3 months old when they start eating insects. They become independent of their mothers at six months and venture off to find their own territory. Aardvarks become sexually mature at two to three years of age and have lifespans in the wild of about 18 years. Evolutionary History Aardvarks are considered to be living fossils due to their ancient, highly conserved genetic make-up. Scientists believe that todays aardvarks represent one of the most ancient lineages among the placental mammals (Eutheria). Aardvarks are considered to be a primitive form of hoofed mammal, not because of any obvious similarities but instead due to subtle characteristics of their brain, teeth, and musculature. The closest living relatives to the aardvarks include  elephants, hyraxes,  dugongs, manatees, elephant shrews, golden moles, and tenrecs. Together, these mammals form a group known as the Afrotheria. Conservation Status Aardvarks once existed in Europe and Asia but are now only found in sub-Saharan Africa. Their populations are unknown but they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and not listed as threatened at all by the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. Major identified threats to the aardvark are habitat loss through agriculture, and human and trapping for bush meat. The skin, claws, and teeth are used to make bracelets, charms and curious and some medicinal purposes.  Ã‚   Sources Buss, Peter E., and Leith C. R. Meyer. Chapter 52: Tubulidentata (Aardvark). Fowlers Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8. Eds. Miller, R. Eric and Murray E. Fowler. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, 2015. 514–16. Print.Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk, Karolina, Joanna Kleckowska-Nawrot, and Karolina Barszcz. Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Tongue of the Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer, Orycteropodidae). Tissue and Cell 54 (2018): 127–38. Print.Haussmann, Natalie S., et al. Ecosystem Engineering through Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer) Burrowing: Mechanisms and Effects. Ecological Engineering 118 (2018): 66–72. Print.Ratzloff, Elizabeth. Orycteropus afer (aardvark). Animal Diversity Web, 2011.  Taylor, W. A., P. A. Lindsey, and J. D. Skinner. The Feeding Ecology of the Aardvark Orycteropus Afer. Journal of Arid Environments 50.1 (2002): 135–52. Print.Taylor, A. and T. Lehmann. Orycteropus afer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T41504A21286437, 2015.