Review of Related Literature Essays

Review of Related Literature Essays Review of Related Literature Essay Review of Related Literature Essay The researchers had found the following studies and literature as relevant to the system being proposed. Foreign Studies College classes are different from high school classes; that goes without saying. However, how exactly the two types of class differ seems to be a topic on which nobody can quite manage to agree. One high school teacher will swear that college is nothing but piles and piles of reading and memorization, while another might say that you can expect to primarily work on critical thinking and writing. The truth is everyones experience in college is different. Despite the differences, there are some things you can do to choose classes wisely and succeed in your college classes. When youre choosing college classes, you may be disappointed to learn that many of your choices are dictated by your school or your department. Most colleges and universities have general education requirements that students will need to fulfill in order to graduate. This chapter also tells us how automation and computer software greatly accelerate human technological processes and advancement. Foreign Literature India’s higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and United State. The main governing body at tertiary level is the University Grants Commission. Which enforces its standards, advises the government, and help coordinate between the center and the state? Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. As of 2009, India has 2 central university 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the state act, and 13 institutes which are of national importance. Other institutions include 16000 colleges, including 1800 exclusive women’s colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. A software development and IT service firm implemented its catalyst in Governor Andres Pascual College was integrated web platform to provide content management, transaction processing, marketing and interactive community functions to the two rice schools. Catalyst  delivers on the Jones Schools two primary criteria for selecting web-based platform simplifying content management, and enabling user’s response to information such as event RSVP and course registration. The content management tools let the Jones school staff edits update or add to the volume of curriculum and event information without calling for technical assistance. They simply cut and paste document into the content management system audit for consisting and publish to the web. The schools diverse audiences, which include MBAs executive Mb As executive education participants, and alumni, now receive prompt notifications of news

How to Take an Independent Study Class in High School

How to Take an Independent Study Class in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Is there a particular subject you’d like to study, but your high school doesn’t offer it? You may be able to take an independent study! Independent studies can be a great way to take a class your school doesn’t offer but you’d still like to take, whether to strengthen your college applications, prepare for future jobs, or just out of personal interest. Read on to learn about independent studies, what their benefits are, and how you can take one yourself. What Is an Independent Study? An independent study is a class taken by a student that has much less supervision and direction than a typical class: you are learning independently.Students often take independent studies to learn about a specific subject not taught in their high school.Generally, you choose what you want your independent study to focus on and request for it to be approved by your school. You often have to have a detailed plan of what you will learn and the work you will do. Independent studies can be pre-designed, where the materials and coursework have already been created, or self-designed, where you are responsible for developing the curricula for the course. If approved by your high school, you will receive credit for your independent study, just like any other class you take, though the number of credits you receive may vary. Learning independently doesn’t mean you can do whatever you want. You will usually be assigned an adviser (often a teacher or guidance counselor) who will oversee your course and make sure you are putting in enough work to justify getting credit for your independent study.Depending on the class and your school, you may take your independent study during the school day or outside of school. Why Would You Want to Take an Independent Study? Why are some students interested in taking an independent study? There are multiple reasons, the most common of which are listed below. To Take a Class Your School Doesn't Offer This is the most common reason students pursue an independent study. You may want to study a particular subject, such as a less-common foreign language, particular branch of science, or a specific time period in history, but it isn’t taught at your school. You may be interested in studying this subject for your own personal enjoyment or to help prepare you for college classes or future jobs. Pursuing an independent study gives you an opportunity to learn about this topic while still receiving high school credit. If your school doesn’t offer certain AP classes, you may also be able to take an independent study that allows you to prepare for a particular AP exam. Your independent study will most likely not be counted as an AP class, but you can still take the AP exam and possibly receive college credit if you earn a high enough score. To Work In-Depth on a Project You may have a project that you started for another class or on your own and want to be able to devote a significant amount of time to working on it. Potential projects can range from works of art to a research paper and more. Taking an independent study can give you more time to devote to a project you care about than you likely would be able to in a traditional class. To Learn at Your Own Pace Independent studies can also be a good option for students who want to learn at a faster or slower pace. Perhaps you are a strong math student and want to be able to move quickly through lessons, or maybe you want to study a specific subject very in-depth and move at a slower pace to make sure you take in all the information. Because you are learning on your own, independent studies let you set the pace. If You Can't Fit a Class Into Your Schedule In some circumstances, your school may offer a class you are interested in but can’t take during the time it’s offered. If your schedule prevents you from taking a certain class, your school may allow you to take an independent study and learn the subject on your own while having the same homework and exams as the students in the regular class. Special Circumstances, Such as Injury or Illness Sometimes students are unable to come to school regularly or at all due to injury, illness, or for another reason. Some high schools allow students to take independent studies from their home to continue learning until they are able to return to school. If you're ill for a long period of time, you may be able to take an independent study to keep up with your school work. Just what you need to feel better!(WindRanch/Flickr) How to Set up an Independent Study For most high schools, setting up an independent study is fairly straightforward. Follow these steps to organize your own. 1. Decide What You Want to Study The first step to setting up an independent study is to decide what subject you want your course to focus on. This can be anything from Swahili to Asian history to AP psychology and more. In order to choose what to study, make a list of topics that interest you as well as a list of any skills or information you're interested in learning. To help make these lists, think about your favorite classes, what you'd like to study in college, and topics you enjoy learning about in your spare time. Choose your favorites from these lists and research them online or at the library. Are the topics still interesting now that you've looked into them more? Do you think you'd be able to design or find a course that covers one of them in-depth enough to last a semester? Once you have decided on a topic that fits the above requirements and you think will be interesting and informative, double-check your school's course catalog to make sure they don't offer a similar course. 2.Learn Your School’s Policy for Independent Studies After you have decided what you want to study, talk to your guidance counselor to find out what your school’s policy is for independent studies. Questions to ask include if your school allows them, who advises them, and what materials are required in order to receive approval. 3. Develop Your Course Plan The next step is to design the course. The work you do for this step will depend on if your independent study is pre-designed or self-designed. If pre-designed: choose where you want to order your materials from. Many colleges and companies offer independent study courses. Search online to find courses that cover your specific topic. Brigham Young Universityis one of the most popular schools to order course materials from, and their website includes a course catalog so you can see a complete list of the classes they offer. Before ordering, make sure the course covers the information you want it to cover (there should be a syllabus you can view), and that it has enough material to last you asemester. Your school may also provide you with a textbook if they have one that covers the topic you want to study. Also, be aware that the material typically costs at least $100 per course. After you receive your materials, make sure the lesson plans and timeline will fit with your schedule. If not, make some adjustments before submitting the course for approval. If you are designing your own class, then you will have more work to do. You will often need to develop a course description, syllabus, list of reading materials, and list of assignments. If you need help developing these materials, ask your teachers or guidance counselor for advice. You may also be able to find syllabi or reading lists online for similar courses that you can use as a basis to develop your own class. 4. Get Your Class Approved After you have created or found a solid course plan, you will submit it to your school for approval. The people who approve your course varies by school, but it may include teachers, guidance counselors, and deans. They may ask you questions about your course to get more information and make changes to your course plan before approving it. You will likely be assigned an adviser, usually a teacher or counselor, to oversee your independent study. Once you get your independent study approved, you're ready to start learning! 5. Start Learning! After your independent study has been approved, it will be added to your transcript either immediately or at the start of the next semester. If you have not already done so, decide when you will work on your independent study, either during the school day or after. Meet with your adviserand discuss how often you will check in with each other. Things to Consider Before Taking an Independent Study Independent studies can be a great learning opportunity for students, but they aren't for everyone. Ask yourself the following questions before enrolling in an independent study to make sure it's the right choice for you. How Self-Motivated Are You? Taking an independent study can be more difficult than a traditional course because you have to keep yourself on track. While you will have an adviser to supervise the course, you will be the one in charge of making sure you are completing enough work; there will be no teacher to give you assignments every day. Some people find this easier than others, so think honestly about how self-motivated you are before you embark on an independent study. Do You Know What Your Curricula Will Be? Are you prepared to design your own course or search for a course package? For traditional classes, the teacher does this work, and as any of them will tell you, designing a class takes a lot of time and effort. Make sure you have the time and desire to do this. If you are ordering a course package, make sure it is from a reputable school or organization. There are some companies that sell very poor-quality or bare-bones course packages just to make a profit. Ordering from an accredited school is often more reliablethan a for-profit company, but always search for online reviews to see what other customers are saying no matter where you order from. Do You Have Space in Your Schedule? Your independent study may not count towards your graduation requirements, and if it doesn’t, make sure you have enough room in your schedule to complete your required classes as well as your independent study. Not doing so could delay your graduation or cause you to have to take an extra class in the future. Are You OKWith Learning Alone? Not only will you not have a regular teacher in an independent study, you will also not have fellow students in your class. Some people enjoy learning on their own, but others prefer working in groups, hearing other people’s opinions during class, and having classmates to call for homework help. Consider how you will feel not having those things before deciding to take an independent study. Think about whether you'd enjoy learning without any classmates before you enroll in an independent study. What If You Can’t Take an Independent Study? You may not always be able to take an independent study, for a variety of reasons. Your school may not have approved it, you may not have space in your schedule, or you may have had difficulty finding material to fill an entire course. If that’s the case, you still have other options for studying a topic you are interested in. Learn on Your Own While you won’t get school credit for it, if there is a subject you are really interested in, you can always choose to study it outside of school for your own personal benefit. You will still gain knowledge that can be used for future classes and jobs, even if it isn’t included on your transcript, and you may enjoy learning about the subject even more knowing you won’t be tested on it. If you do decide to go this route, it may be possible for you to include your work as an extracurricular on your college applications or write about it as part of your college admissions essay. Take a Community College Class If you can’t take an independent study, taking a class at a community college may be an option if they offer a course on the subject. Your high school may not give you high school credit it for it, but you can always include it on your college applications, and you may get college credit for taking it. Wait Until College Colleges often have a much wider variety of course offerings than high schools. If there is a subject that you’d like to learn about, but you can’t take an independent study or prefer to learn in a traditional classroom environment, you may want to consider waiting until college to take a class on it. Do a Project on the Topic for Another Class While you likely won’t be able to study the topic as in-depth as you would in an independent study, you may be able to learn about your topic of choice in a related class. For example, if you want to study Asian history, you may be able to write a report or do a project on it as part of your regular history class. This allows you keep a normal schedule while also learning about topics that interest you. Summary Taking an independent study can be a great way to study a subject not offered by your high school. You can create your own course or purchase a pre-designed course package. Before taking an independent study, make sure you will be motivated enough to learn on your own and will enjoy taking a class by yourself. To get more information, talk to your guidance counselor to learn your school’s policy on independent studies. If you can’t take an independent study, there are other options, such as taking a community college class or learning on your own. What's Next? Wondering what all the possible classes you can take in high school are? We have a complete list of all high school classes offered to help you give you ideas for potential independent studies. Do you know what classes you should take in high school? Check out our guide to the standard high school curriculum and learn how to plan your class schedule. Electives are some of the most interesting classes you can take in high school. Do you know which ones you should take? Read our guide to help choose which electives are best for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Film Art - History of Film or World Cinema Research Paper

Film Art - History of Film or World Cinema - Research Paper Example Editors show people the best visuals of a movie and leave the rest. It is those selected pieces that decide a movie’s fate at the hands of the viewers. The real question is, what is it that makes a movie move? And probably there is no certain answer or at least a unanimous satisfying answer to that, however, theoretically, the â€Å"persistence of vision† (pp. 2-3) is what really makes a film move. The image that stays on the retina of the eye, its duration and most importantly the effect it has on the sensory nerves of the brain makes it a complete motion picture. Any artistic piece of work branches out of a form; it is something that helps to create the linkage between ideas. The concreteness of an idea is the most important concept in any form of art, especially in the art of Filming. As in films, one tries to synchronize various dots, in order to transform a big picture. If any of the questions remained unanswered, a communication gap arises among the audience of that art. Symmetry in the presentation of any idea is the most important part of the creation of an art. The way in which the sculpture is shaped, its volume, its colour, texture and every minute detail required to address the desired audience if the Form of that art (Pp. 39). Like in any other form of art, in Film to this creation of the form is of real importance. But along with this aspect, there are various other inter-related areas which are either dependent or independent on the Form, which will be discussed in the paragraphs below: Form and Content are two separate but inter-related elements in any type of art. You could form the exterior of any type but the content with which this exterior will fill in with is of the same, but at times of more importance than the Form itself. The slight difference between the form and content is that a form needs to perfectly consistent; while on the other hand, the content is more subjective it could be moulded according to the needs and demand of the form.  Ã‚  

An object in the field of study of radiology Essay

An object in the field of study of radiology - Essay Example There are two distinctive nuclear procedures that can handle X-ray photons. One of it is called Bremsstrahlung. They can both happen in the overwhelming molecules of tungsten The adversely ran after electron abates in the wake of swinging around the core of an absolutely charged tungsten iota. This vitality misfortune produces X-ray radiation. Electrons are scattered flexibly and in flexibly by the decidedly charged core. The in flexibly scattered electron loses vitality, which shows up as Bremsstrahlung. Flexibly scattered electrons (which incorporate backscattered electrons) are by and large scattered through bigger plot. In the collaboration, numerous photons of diverse wavelengths are handled, however it is believed that none of the prevailing photons have more vitality than the electron needed in the first place. In the wake of discharging the range of X-ray and its radiation, the first electron is eased off or ceased (Panichello, 2004). X-ray tubes generate x-ray photons by means of quickening a flow of electrons to energies of a few hundred kilo-volts with speeds of a few hundred kilometres for every hour and impacting them into a substantial target material. The sharp quickening of the charged particles well known as electrons generates Bremsstrahlung photons. However, X-ray radiation characterised by a constant range of energies is handled with an extent from a couple of keV to a greatest of the vitality of the electron pillar. Target materials for streamlined tubes are normally tungsten, which implies that the wave capacities of the hurdle tungsten electrons are needed. The inborn filtration of an X-ray tube must be figured, and controlled by the sum that the electron infiltrates into the surface of the mark and by the kind of vacuum window present. Keep in mind that molecules have their electrons masterminded in shut "shells" of diverse energies. The K-shell is the most reduced vitality state of a particle. An

Entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneur Essay Personality traits of an entrepreneur depend on number of factors. There have been various researches and studies in order to understand these factors and the relationship between these factors and entrepreneur personality traits and characteristics. Personality and behavioral factors, environmental factors, action factors, social and cultural factors and political and legal factors impact the personality and characteristics of entrepreneur (Bolton Thompson; 2000, Hayton, J C, Salvato, C and Zahra S A; 2004, Lumpkin, G.  T. Dess, G. G. ; 1996, Sandberg, William R. 1992). According to Robinson and Sexton (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) from a sample of over 181,000 people culled from the 1980 U. S. Census indicated that education is positively related to entrepreneurship and self-employment. In another study conducted by Crant (1996) the research established relationship between the demographic factors like age, sex and family background and entrepreneurship. According to the results of these studies young people are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than people of old age, numbers of males aspiring for entrepreneurship was more than females and people with business family background are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than others. The family support in financial and psychological matters strengthens the efforts towards achieving his goals. Entrepreneur while using family finances for his business becomes more vigilant and careful to the risks and returns. Social and cultural set up is very important in entrepreneurship. According to Barney, Clark, Alvarez (2003 as cited in Hayton, Salvato and Zahra, 2004) â€Å"Furthermore, the kinship-ties that are unique to family firms are believed to have a positive effect upon entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. † In the same work of Hayton, Salvato and Zahra (2004) it is quoted that â€Å"Owner managers also understand that their family firms survival depends on their ability to enter new markets and revitalize existing operations in order to create new businesses (Ward, 1987). In the work of Covin and Miles, (1999) they mentioned the observations of Burgelman, Kosnik, and van den Pol (1988) which refers to the introduction of a new product, process, technology, system, technique, resource, or capability to the firm or its markets. According to Covin and Miles (1999) entrepreneurs can be characterized by their bypass strategies and product market pioneering strategies. While the level of aspirations is partly determined by the level of skills, it is also affected by the values and personality traits of the entrepreneur (Hollenbeck Whitener, 1988; March Simon, 1958). March Simon (1958) also postulated that environment (context) affects aspirations. (Harron and Sapienza, 1992) Harron and Sapienza, (1992) suggested a model which determines interaction between personal values and context and personality traits and context. Numbers of studies have been conducted to understand entrepreneur process and develop a conceptual frame work around it. Krueger and Brazeal (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial potential whereas Naffziger, Hornsby, and Kuratko (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial motivation. These studies have provided base to other studies conducted to develop conceptual framework and models of entrepreneurial personality traits and characteristics. As cited by Moon (1999) â€Å"Risk-taking here is a strict managerial term discussing the propensity for organizational change and innovative decision-making. † The interview revealed that Paul defines entrepreneurs with their risk taking opportunity exploiting abilities. This is one of the characteristics of personality of an entrepreneur. Paul’s statement support Moon (1999) view regarding risk taking and decision making behavior. Paul appears to be aggressive in his tone and enthusiastic about his work. His risk taking ability is backed by the calculative measures and market studies as he says â€Å"I see the risks that I take being very calculated and not designed to lose money†. Paul utilizes marketing tools for promotion and increase the visibility of his products. In his statement he says â€Å"we’re probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers†. He converted his hobby into his business. This was an area where he has knowledge as well as interest. He is a well educated person. He has gained experience prior to starting his own business. He gives importance to the support he receives from his social system; family and friends. He is persistence with his work, has good planning skills and organized in his work. He is quick in his responses and provides immediate feedback to any kind of change in market place or within their organization. His energy levels and enthusiasm are high. He is very independent and goal oriented. He has a vision and goal and he works in order to achieve his goals. He is very committed to his work. He takes personal initiatives to achieve his objectives. He is very competitive. This can be inferred from his statement that â€Å"we are probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers. † He constantly looks for market opportunities and goals.

Classification Essay: The Types of Drinkers -- Classification Essay

â€Å"I drink to make other people more interesting.† ― Ernest Hemingway In the great world of tending bar there is a myriad selection of customers one would encounter; The Social Drinker, The Self Defined Outcast, The Fish Out of Water, and last but never the least, The Freshman. Each level of drinker has its advantages in social circles and also has equal negative repercussions. Most of these classes aren't built from years of drinking, rather are formed through the personality traits they already have developed through their childhood and young adulthood. Only when alcohol is introduced to the equation, we see these great classifications shine through and become polished for all to enjoy. In the wild, one would typically encounter the common Social Drinker before all others. This class is rampant through the wasteland's strip bar culture in most urban sprawls. They commonly drink with one or more others of their kind, mostly drinking colorful shots made with fruity vodkas. The sightings start as early as 3:00 pm on weekdays when most others are at work. These drinkers are the bartender's best customer most of the time due to there usual 1.00$ tip for each drink they order and rarely make unneeded work for the bar keep; Starting fights, keeping the bar top clean, and mostly, not too loud. However, this classification opens the door for more treacherous foe. The hardest to engage and even classify is The Self Defined Outcast. The minute they walk into the bar they usually eye up the bar and stay, but only if there is Social Drinkers. The reasoning I presume for this action is due to not wanting to drink alone in a bar, but still drink alone in a corner, or at the end of the bar. With their he... ...he air with gusto. Everyone in the bar saw it coming and yet the bartender still let it happen.. I would like to call it boredom on the bartender's behalf due to wanting something to stir up the crowd and get the Freshman out the door and make the scene balanced once again. The next time you walk into a bar and see that all the elements seem to be at balance and the bartender is smiling ear to ear, you'll know that this will be the bar you'll stay at. The Social Drinker came early and set the stage by drinking with the Outcast, making him socially acceptable. The Freshman has already been kicked out for dropping his third beer and The Fish Out Of Water is starting drinking games, all the while, Huey Lewis And The News is blaring from the speakers. A bartender dreams of this perfect balance of Bar goers on a nightly basis and here it is at-last.

Bus 642 Week 2

Page 50 1 – A Competitive Coup in the In-Flight Magazine. What are the most prudent decisions she can make about her responsibilities to herself and others? The most prudent decision that she can make to herself, her organization and the competition is to turn the document over to one of the airline personnel. She should continue on with her research because even though she saw the competitor’s results she may be able to find more information that may change the end results. She should also inform the organizations ethicist along with her manager.What are the implications of those decisions even if there is no violation of law or regulation? The implications of her actions are more personal values along with showing her manager, the airline personnel, and the competitor’s organization that she works for an ethical organization and that she herself is able to conduct herself in a manner that is a positive reflection of her organization. Page 155 Terms in Review 1 – Distinguish between the following: A Exploratory and formal studies. Exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with the objective of discovering future research tasks.The immediate purpose of exploration is usually to develop hypothesis or questions for further research. Formal study begins where the exploration leaves off – it begins with the hypothesis or research question and involves precise procedures and data source specifications. The goal of a formal research design is to test the hypotheses or answer the research questions posed. B Experimental and ex post facto research designs. Experimental or experiment – the researcher attempts to control and or manipulate the variables in the study.Ex post facto design – the investigators have no control over the variables; to do so introduces bias. C Descriptive and causal studies. Descriptive study is if the research is concerned with finding out who, what, where, when, or how much. Casual studies are if a study is concerned with learning why – that is, how one variable produces changes in another. 2 – Establishing causality is difficult, whether conclusions have been derived inductively or deductively. A Explain and elaborate on the implications of this statement.Casualty or the relation between cause and effect is difficult to establish whether the conclusions have been derived inductively or deductively because anything that affects an effect is a factor of that effect. There can be direct or indirect factors that affect an effect. B Why is ascribing causality more difficult when conclusions have been reached through induction? It is difficult to ascribe causality when the conclusion is reached through induction because one cannot attribute to a specific source or origin when logic was used as the bases for the conclusion.C Correlation does not imply causation. Illustrate this point with examples from business. In my husband’s company they are waiting for the election to determine the future growth of the organization but does the appointment of a republican over a democrat or vice versa really have that much cause and effect. Another example would be people in the UK tend to spend more in the shops when it's cold and less when it's hot doesn't mean cold weather causes frenzied high-street spending. A more plausible explanation would be that cold weather tends to coincide with Christmas and the new year sales. Green, 2012) 3 – Using yourself as the subject, give an example of each of the following asymmetrical relationships: A Stimulus-response A change in Relay for Life directors for in my community lead to a change in volunteer position. B Property-disposition As my husband and get older our priorities changed and are centered more at increasing our for the future. C Disposition-behavior d Property-behavior As I have increased in age my exercise routine has changed to fit my current life style and age.And as I have incre ased in age the quality of my output has increased. 4 – Why not use more control variables rather than depend on randomization as the means of controlling extraneous variables? An extraneous variable are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables that an experimenter is examining. Another way to think of this, is that these are variables the influence the outcome of an experiment, though they are not the variables that are actually of interest. These variables are undesirable because they add error to an experiment.A major goal in research design is to decrease or control the influence of extraneous variables as much as possible. (Extraneous and Confounding Variables and Systematic vs Non-Systematic Error, NA) Using extraneous variables allows one to encounter real life circumstances that controlled variables do not allow. 5 – Researchers seek causal relationships by either experimental or ex post facto research designs. A In what ways are these two approaches similar? Experimental and ex post facto research designs are similar in that this is the power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study.B In what ways are they different? † Experimental and ex post facto research designs are different in that experimental research design the researcher attempts to control or manipulate the variables and in an ex post factor the researcher has no control over the variables. Page 388 7 – Your large firm is about to change to a customer-centered organization structure, in which employees who have rarely had customer contact will now likely significantly influence customer satisfaction and retention.As part of the transition, your superior wants an accurate evaluation of the morale of the firm’s large number of computer technicians. What type of sample would you draw if it was to be an unrestricted sample? The type of sample that I would draw if it were to be an unrestricted sample wo uld be a simple sample. This sample would draw its elements from the population. With simple random sampling, the estimates of the mean and variance are unbiased and the precision of the estimate of the mean can be assessed.However, this precision may be low if the sample is not well distributed over the population. It is also likely to be low if the population is variable and the intensity of sampling is low. References: Green, N. (2012, January 2012). Correlation is not causation. Retrieved from Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/science/blog/2012/jan/06/correlation-causation Extraneous and Confounding Variables and Systematic vs Non-Systematic Error. (NA). Retrieved from Pstchology World: http://web. mst. edu/~psyworld/extraneous. htm

Co-Occurring Disorders and Addiction Essay

Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction is seldom as simple as merely addressing the particular chemicals addict is taking into his body. More often than not, addicts suffer from other disorders in conjunction with their chemical dependency. The clinical reference to such a condition is called co-occurring disorders (Doweiko, 2012). According to Arias and Kranzler (2008) an estimated 1. 1 percent of the U. S. population has an alcohol use disorder with a co-occurring use disorder (DUD). This type of co-morbidity is sometimes referred to as homotypic co ­morbidity or dual dependence. According to Doweiko (2012), dual diagnosis clients refer to patients that suffer from a concurrent form of mental illness and an SUD. Co-occurring substance disorders include but are not limited to anorexia, bulimia, gambling, abuse (spousal), compulsive shopping, AIDS, and compulsive sexual behaviors (Doweiko, 2012). People who are active substance abusers or withdrawal from many drugs of abuse can magnify or simulate symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Addiction is common in people with mental health problems. Although substance abuse and mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are closely linked, one does not directly cause the other (Doweiko, 2012). In a dual diagnosis, both the mental health issue and the drug or alcohol addiction have their own unique symptoms that may get in the way of your ability to function, handle life’s difficulties, and relate to others (Stinson, et al. , 2005). To make the situation more complicated, the co-occurring disorders also affect each other and interact. According to Stinson et al (2005) when a mental health problem goes untreated, the substance abuse problem usually worsens and when alcohol or drug abuse increases, mental health problems will likely increase as well. An essential step to gaining freedom from addiction involves understanding the dynamics of addiction. The addiction cycle describes the reoccurring process that takes place as person struggles with their addiction(s). Co-occurring disorders and addiction relation to the addiction cycle is that addictive behaviors offer a fake sense of escape, pleasure, and involve psychological or physiological dependence. According to Scalise (2012) the increased symptoms and challenging treatment process add to difficulties of breaking the addiction cycle. The addiction cycle begins with pain which leads individuals to reach their absolute lowest, which many calle â€Å"hitting bottom† and then seek relief (i. . treatment). The addiction cycle continues with the addictive behaviors leading the individual to feel good just before crashing and experiencing pain again, thus restarting the cycle (Scalise, 2012). Understanding co-occurring disorders is vital to the proper treatment of chemical dependency clients. If all co-occurring disorders are effectively dealt with, there’s no reason why the addict should not regain their life as a drug-free member of society.

Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick

â€Å"Perhaps, properly speaking, Dickens had no ideas on any subject; what he had was a vast sympathetic participation in the daily life of mankind; and what he saw of ancient institutions made him hate them, as needless sources of oppression, misery, selfishness, and rancour.† –George Santayana Rules. Guidelines. Laws. From the beginning of time, people have lived under the heavy thumb of expectations placed upon them by others. What to do and when to do it, what to say and when to say it somehow societies have come up with their own rulebooks for what is permissible and what is to be looked down upon, leaving each man to choose between his inner yearnings and the clarion call of the organized civilization. This problem faces John Wemmick in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. On the surface, Wemmick appears as a dedicated worker and an upstanding member of society who maintains a healthy domestic lifestyle. Upon closer inspection, we see that Wemmick plays host to two polar personalities: the hard working, upstanding worker in bustling London, and the amiable, carefree resident of Walworth. Through careful examination of Wemmick’s character, Dickens prompts his reader to reflect upon the two sides of humanity as a whole. In Victorian society, employees were expected to carry themselves with a degree of professionalism and excellence. Caring for others and becoming emotionally involved in work were seen as signs of weakness. Mr. Jaggers, Wemmick’s employer and literary counterpart, appears completely eaten up by his work. He takes his courtroom attitude with him everywhere, to the point that others avoid conversation with him for fear of being cross-examined. Wemmick passes on this soame air of intimidation to Jagger’s clients as he collects funds and â€Å"portable property.† However, this attitude is not truly characteristic of Wemmick. He says, â€Å"[The way I carry myself in] the office is one thing, private life ... Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick Free Essays on Great Expectations-Wemmick â€Å"Perhaps, properly speaking, Dickens had no ideas on any subject; what he had was a vast sympathetic participation in the daily life of mankind; and what he saw of ancient institutions made him hate them, as needless sources of oppression, misery, selfishness, and rancour.† –George Santayana Rules. Guidelines. Laws. From the beginning of time, people have lived under the heavy thumb of expectations placed upon them by others. What to do and when to do it, what to say and when to say it somehow societies have come up with their own rulebooks for what is permissible and what is to be looked down upon, leaving each man to choose between his inner yearnings and the clarion call of the organized civilization. This problem faces John Wemmick in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. On the surface, Wemmick appears as a dedicated worker and an upstanding member of society who maintains a healthy domestic lifestyle. Upon closer inspection, we see that Wemmick plays host to two polar personalities: the hard working, upstanding worker in bustling London, and the amiable, carefree resident of Walworth. Through careful examination of Wemmick’s character, Dickens prompts his reader to reflect upon the two sides of humanity as a whole. In Victorian society, employees were expected to carry themselves with a degree of professionalism and excellence. Caring for others and becoming emotionally involved in work were seen as signs of weakness. Mr. Jaggers, Wemmick’s employer and literary counterpart, appears completely eaten up by his work. He takes his courtroom attitude with him everywhere, to the point that others avoid conversation with him for fear of being cross-examined. Wemmick passes on this soame air of intimidation to Jagger’s clients as he collects funds and â€Å"portable property.† However, this attitude is not truly characteristic of Wemmick. He says, â€Å"[The way I carry myself in] the office is one thing, private life ...

Aardvark Fast Facts

Aardvark Fast Facts Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are known by several common names including antbears and anteaters; they are native to sub-Saharan Africa. The name aardvark is Afrikaans  (a daughter language of Dutch) for earth pig. Despite these common names, aardvarks are not closely related to bears, pigs, or anteaters. Instead, they occupy their own distinct order: Tubulidentata. Fast Facts: Aardvark Scientific Name: Orycteropus aferCommon Names: Aardvark, antbear, anteater, Cape anteaters, earth pigBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Up to 6.5 feet long, 2 feet at shoulder heightWeight: 110–175 poundsLifespan: 10 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Sub-saharan AfricaPopulation: Not quantifiedConservation Status: Least Concern Description Aardvarks are medium-sized mammals (weighing 110–175 pounds and up to 6.5 feet long) with a bulky body, arched back, medium-length legs, long ears (resembling those of a donkey), a long snout, and a thick tail. They have a sparse coat of coarse grayish brown fur covering their body. Aardvarks have four toes on their front feet and five toes on their rear feet. Each toe has a flat, sturdy nail that they use for digging burrows and tearing into insect nests in search of food. Aardvarks have very thick skin which provides them protection from insect bites and even the bites of predators. Their teeth lack enamel and, as a result, wear down and must regrow continuously- the teeth are tubular and hexagonal in cross-section. Aardvarks have small eyes and their retina only contains rods (this means they are color-blind). Like many nocturnal animals, aardvarks have a keen sense of smell and very good hearing. Their front claws are especially robust, enabling them to dig burrows and break open termite nests with ease. Their long, serpentine tongue (10–12 inches) is sticky and can gather up ants and termites with great efficiency. The classification of the aardvark was controversial at one time. Aardvarks were formerly classified in the same group as  armadillos, sloths, and anteaters. Today, genetic studies have shown that the aardvark is classified in the order called the Tubulidentata (tube-toothed), and the family Orycteropodidae: They are the only animal in either order or family. Shongololo90/Getty Images   Habitat and Range Aardvarks inhabit a variety of habitats including savannas, shrublands, grasslands, and woodlands. Although they once lived in Europe and Asia, today their range extends throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, every ecosystem except marshes, deserts, and very rock terrains. Bridgena_Barnard/Getty Images   Diet and Behavior Aardvarks forage at night, covering extensive distances (as much as 6 miles per night) in search of food. To find food, they swing their noses from side to side over the ground, trying to detect their prey by scent. They feed almost exclusively on termites and ants and can consume up to 50,000 insects in a single night. They occasionally supplement their diet by feeding on other insects, plant material or the occasional small mammal. Solitary, nocturnal mammals, aardvarks spend the daylight hours safely tucked away inside their borrows and emerge to feed during the late afternoon or early evening. Aardvarks are extraordinarily fast diggers and can excavate a hole 2 feet deep in less than 30 seconds. The main predators of aardvarks include lions, leopards, and pythons. Aardvarks dig three types of burrows in their ranges: relatively shallow foraging burrows, larger temporary shelters to hide from predators and more complex burrows for permanent residence. They share their permanent residences with other creatures but not other aardvarks. Investigation of the residential burrows has shown that compared to the surrounding soil, soil inside the burrow is cooler (between 4 and 18 degrees F cooler depending on the time of day), and moister. The differences remained the same no matter how old the burrow was, leading researchers to name the aardvark an ecological engineer. Reproduction and Offspring Aardvarks reproduce sexually and form pairs only for a short time during the breeding season. Females give birth to one or rarely two cubs after a gestation period of 7–8 months. In northern Africa, Aardvarks give birth from October to November; in the south, from May and July. The young are born with their eyes open. The mother nurses the young until they are 3 months old when they start eating insects. They become independent of their mothers at six months and venture off to find their own territory. Aardvarks become sexually mature at two to three years of age and have lifespans in the wild of about 18 years. Evolutionary History Aardvarks are considered to be living fossils due to their ancient, highly conserved genetic make-up. Scientists believe that todays aardvarks represent one of the most ancient lineages among the placental mammals (Eutheria). Aardvarks are considered to be a primitive form of hoofed mammal, not because of any obvious similarities but instead due to subtle characteristics of their brain, teeth, and musculature. The closest living relatives to the aardvarks include  elephants, hyraxes,  dugongs, manatees, elephant shrews, golden moles, and tenrecs. Together, these mammals form a group known as the Afrotheria. Conservation Status Aardvarks once existed in Europe and Asia but are now only found in sub-Saharan Africa. Their populations are unknown but they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and not listed as threatened at all by the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. Major identified threats to the aardvark are habitat loss through agriculture, and human and trapping for bush meat. The skin, claws, and teeth are used to make bracelets, charms and curious and some medicinal purposes.  Ã‚   Sources Buss, Peter E., and Leith C. R. Meyer. Chapter 52: Tubulidentata (Aardvark). Fowlers Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8. Eds. Miller, R. Eric and Murray E. Fowler. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, 2015. 514–16. Print.Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk, Karolina, Joanna Kleckowska-Nawrot, and Karolina Barszcz. Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Tongue of the Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer, Orycteropodidae). Tissue and Cell 54 (2018): 127–38. Print.Haussmann, Natalie S., et al. Ecosystem Engineering through Aardvark (Orycteropus Afer) Burrowing: Mechanisms and Effects. Ecological Engineering 118 (2018): 66–72. Print.Ratzloff, Elizabeth. Orycteropus afer (aardvark). Animal Diversity Web, 2011.  Taylor, W. A., P. A. Lindsey, and J. D. Skinner. The Feeding Ecology of the Aardvark Orycteropus Afer. Journal of Arid Environments 50.1 (2002): 135–52. Print.Taylor, A. and T. Lehmann. Orycteropus afer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T41504A21286437, 2015.

PR Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PR Scenario - Essay Example (OMalley, 2008) Aside from being honest with a group of target audiences, transparency and authenticity of the PR and marketing strategies used in communicating the products and services offered by McBride are also necessary when it comes to the ethical way of persuading a prospective client (Jackson, 2008). In relation to the proper way of communicating the McBride’s products and services in a totally new market, it is but ethical for a public relations company such as in the case of television or newspaper advertisers to strictly follow the law of utilitarianism and deontology. In general, the law of utilitarianism states that PR companies should â€Å"do the greatest good for the greatest number of people† whereas the law of deontology states that PR companies should â€Å"do only what is right†. (van Hook, 2008) Aiming to double the company’s target sales every six months, marketing strategies and promotional activities will be developed in order to increase the public awareness on McBride’s financial services. A market research will be conducted in order to identify and determine the classification of potential target market for McBride’s financial services. Identifying the size of its target market will make it easier for the marketing manager to project a feasible growth rate on behalf of the company. Aside from identifying the target market for McBride, a market research on the strength and weaknesses of similar existing financial consultancy firms will be very useful in terms of enabling McBride to position the company in the global market. Based on the information gathered in relation to the financial capabilities, educational background, gender, age, and preferences of McBride’s target market, PR companies could propose some communication methods that will enable McBride to easily capture its target clients. Aside from the typical

Reflection of Gender and Power in the Salem Witchcraft Trials Essay

Reflection of Gender and Power in the Salem Witchcraft Trials - Essay Example An analysis of the event, with reference to the cultural norms prevalent during the era, reveals that gender is one among the salient factors that contributed to the culmination of the Salem Witchcraft Trials. In colonial New England women were considered as promiscuous and female children were assigned the lowest social status. Thus, it transpires that in a male dominant society, through implicating women in witchcraft, men have actually attempted to demonstrate their power within a patriarchal system by punishing the hapless females from the lower strata of society in the name of the Salem Witch Trials. During the trials, many including Constable Joseph Herrick deposed that they either had seen or were informed that one of the main accused, Sarah Good, had gone â€Å"barefoot and bare-legged† and â€Å"afflicted† Elizabeth Hubbard and other young girls (Godbeer 77). This contention has also been substantiated by the afflicted Elizabeth Hubbard, who testified that she had seen Sarah Good’s apparition â€Å"afflicting the body† of other girls (75). It transpires that the neighbors of the accused had malevolent intentions towards her and in connivance with the governing class that held the power, she was implicated in witchcraft. In this context, it needs to be recalled that Puritans held the notion that the native inhabitants of New England â€Å"belonged to the Devil† until the arrival of the Protestants and that religion had exercised power over the government (17). Thus, women like Sarah Good have been falsely implicated with witchcraft, tried and executed in Salem, which is a reflection of misuse of power during that regime. Another major factor to be considered is that religion has played a crucial role within the society in colonial America and religious leaders had a dominating presence due to which their â€Å"advice extended beyond spiritual matters† and, hence, they had a say in â€Å"economic and political c oncerns, as well as gender relations† (Parrillo 52). Thus, in the absence of a â€Å"civil government of its own† religion assumed the power in governance, which it could use in any manner to attain its objectives (Godbeer 19). Such was the power of the church that the affected young girls actually believed that they were possessed and were â€Å"fighting a war against their inner demons† (23). Under the circumstances, the afflicted persons, who believed that their neighbors caused the problem, had to choose between the options of either spiritual retribution or taking legal action against them. Thus, the decision of â€Å"subjecting a supernatural crime to judicial scrutiny† was taken, for which strong evidence is required. However, since religion wielded a higher power than logic, women who were assigned a lower social status within the social system were tried and put to death by the powerful church, to restore the faith of more prominent citizens. Anot her major factor to be considered in Salem Witchcraft Trials is that for a mysterious occurrence in a village, the entire community implicated members of one gender as if women were to be blamed for all that was bad and men to be praised for all the good. This notion stems from the patriarchal system in the society, which never wanted to recognize the significance of women within in the familial and social contexts. For the powerful church and male chauvinists as well the government it was an easy way out to blame women from the lower social strata like Sarah Good and