Obesity and Cancer Risk Free Essays

As indicated by the National Cancer Institute, heftiness is a condition where an individual has an anomalous high and undesirable extent of muscle to fat ratio. Stoutness is estimated by computing a person’s BMI. Long stretches of exploration demonstrate that there are associations among corpulence and malignant growth chance. We will compose a custom article test on Heftiness and Cancer Risk or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Exploration gives us that an expansion in body weight builds insulin levels in the blood, which advance the improvement of specific tumors and tumor controllers. Fat cells likewise produce adipokine hormones, which animate cell development. Leptin, which is rich in fat individuals, follows up on a receptor on the cerebrum where an individual shows craving and advances cell expansion, or cell development. Basically, abundance body weight is the impetus for hormones in the body to not work appropriately while also advancing cell development, which is the significant reason for malignancy spread. In 2007 examination discovered 34,000 new instances of disease in men and 50,500 new cases in ladies because of stoutness. It is assessed that 1:5 disease related passings are because of overweight and stoutness. Corpulence is related with a few diseases in the body, remembering for the throat, pancreas, colon and rectum, kidney, thyroid, gallbladder, bosom (after menopause) and endometrium (the covering of the uterus). Weight gain influences the body’s insusceptible framework, certain hormones including insulin and estrogen, and variables that control cell division. Researchers in the American Cancer Society concede that exploration is constrained in realizing whether weight reduction can diminish malignancy hazard. There is developing proof to propose that a decrease in weight may lessen the danger of bosom malignancy, after menopause, just as progressively forceful types of prostate disease. Notwithstanding, large individuals who get more fit regularly decrease certain hormone levels that identify with malignant growth hazard, for example, insulin and estrogen. Refers to: National Cancer Institute http://www. malignant growth. gov The American Cancer Society http://www. malignant growth. organization The PubMed Data base http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed Step by step instructions to refer to Obesity and Cancer Risk, Essay models

33 men: inside the miraculous survival and dramatic rescue of the Chilean miners Essay

At any one specific time when imparting it is of principal significance to see first your crowd. For powerful correspondence to occur, the main issue to decide is the open that you have with the goal that you can send the correct message to them and upgrade away from of the data one is conveying (Rai 2009). Correspondence ought to be crowd focused consistently as far as their needs, perspective, status and nature in which data is occurring. Comprehension of general society can't be overlooked at all particularly for the situation where a business is passing data concerning the catastrophe. In the Chilean occurrence where the mine crumbled on Aug 5, 2010 leaving 33 diggers were caught underground, the episode at long last left all the caught laborers alive. After the event of the occurrence before data could be made to the next organization laborers, the area, the group of those caught underground, people in general and the world everywhere a few issues should be mulled over (Franklin 2011). The ones imparting this data must comprehend the various individuals in the crowd, their various jobs and perspective. There is additionally a desperate need to attempt to evaluate the impact the data will have on the general population and therefore have the option to gadget the most ideal way or instrument to disregard to people in general. Placing into thought the above components will go far into guaranteeing that the data being put across is generally welcomed as expected. The key thought in the Chilean case is philanthropy or indicating a lot of care, understanding and a solid assurance to carry the occurrence to standard. What's more, this is planned for attempting to relate to people in general, their emotions and expectations. The group of those influenced ought to be the inside concentration since the individual caught in the ground is presumably the principle provider of the family. Partners or individual diggers additionally should be placed into thought particularly given this is the states of their work. The nation and the world everywhere ought to be viewed as likewise given it will likewise be in miserable and inquisitive second anticipating the result of these ‘breaking news.’ The data being imparted should address the probable needs and requests of the excavators friends and relatives and along these lines ingrain serenity in them as they get the data. These necessities may extend from moral help, exact, right and clear data with respect to the salvage procedure and its encouraging. Their monetary need ought to likewise be tended to in a manner by the data they get particularly by the understanding that they rely upon the ones who are caught underground in the dirt. They principally need to know how awful the circumstance is, the thing that caused the entire episode and how profound are their friends and family underneath the ground. Moreover, can their friends and family inhale well, get to water and food, what number of are they altogether down there underground (Barra 2011). Likewise, they will have a profound aching to questions, for example, in what manner will they get out, what is being done to expel them out, who is it or which authority is associ ated with uncovering them from the underground snare and term prone to be spent to uncover them. These significant issues and worries among numerous others as an afterthought the family will help the one conveying the message enormously as far as conveying what is of the quintessence to the audience or general society for this situation being the group of the diggers or the family members of the excavators. The errand person should therefore comprehend these issues and concerns to change the data to suit the collector or people in general by tending to their latent capacity needs. The representatives of the mine being the first tenants of that condition as their workplace and all the more significantly the way that those caught in the mines are their collaborators and partners. They workers are hence qualified for get the data most likely before numerous different gatherings get it. The data they get should address their requirements, for example, how might they help in the salvage procedure of their partners, the approach to in supporting their associates and their colleague’s families: ethically; monetarily and genuinely. Their need will likewise be to comprehend whether there is any insurance they can take to forestall the event of such a circumstance as the salvage procedure goes on or something they can do to a specific hindrance in the salvage procedure. Appropriate move must be made after the data is distributed to guarantee that the organization isn't seen in an awful light. Nonetheless, guarantee that the data is gotten as was at first proposed and that general society can get the data accurately. The main mystery towards guaranteeing that the data is gotten as proposed is to make essential move to strengthen the distributed data. This activities may extend from different representatives of the organization showing backing and responsibility genuinely and both ethically and monetarily to the influenced laborers and their families (Barra 2011). The other significant activity to do is demonstrating the constructive advancement of the salvage procedure and the solid assurance to safeguard the individuals caught under the ground through the media, for example, by giving a live TV film The organization ought to think about discharging data in two different ways. Right off the bat, it ought to be discharging the data to the groups of the caught laborers. â€Å"Chilean mine is experiencing tough situations as a portion of its tenacious workers numbering thirty-three altogether are caught underground in the mine during a mineral extraction trip. The specialists worried in the salvage procedure showed up on schedule, and the salvage procedure is advancing on well. Most extreme exertion has been advanced to protect the caught laborers. We need to guarantee everybody that the laborers are alive, however shaken through electronic correspondence contraption. We exceptionally lament the event of the occurrence, yet at the interim we are extremely confident that the salvage procedure will be over in a short while.† The most suitable channel of conveying the data to the groups of the laborers is vis-à-vis correspondence and in this way the organization ought to pick delegates to take the data to the groups of those influenced. These agents picked by the organization to pass this data ought to be extremely wary and handle with extraordinary consideration the data they are discharging so as to make sure about the company’s notoriety, they ought to guarantee that the data is honest, exact and precise. The second method of discharging data ought to be to the laborers of the organization that is inside the business, the organization ought to convey to the laborers in, for example, this way. â€Å"We exceptionally lament the incidental occurring at our mine, a portion of our truly important associates are caught in the mine, and this requires a call to everybody to come up emphatically and offer ourselves to offer the essential help with the salvage procedure (Franklin 2011). Let’s show our steadfastness and to our organization and worry to our associates by supporting them and their families genuinely and both monetarily and ethically. And furthermore by bringing request, control and tranquility to the entire circumstance trusting that finally everybody caught will before long be safeguarded alive and well† The best way to deal with convey the data to different laborers is through the update set in key spots, in the matter of which it will involve minutes for everybody in the organization to see. As a wrap, up, exploratory writing is vey key recorded as a hard copy particularly with respect to tending to the open concerns and needs particularly as to discharging data in regards to the debacle in an association. References Aronson, M. (2011). Caught: how the world saved 33 excavators from 2,000 feet beneath the Chilean desert. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers. Barra, F., and Antofagasta, C. (2011). Let’s talk metal stores: procedures of the Eleventh Biennial SGA Meeting, Antofagasta, Chile, 26-29 September 2011. Antofagasta, Chile: Ediciones Universidad CatoãÅ"⠁lica del Norte. Franklin, J. (2011). 33 men: inside the marvelous endurance and sensational salvage of the Chilean diggers. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Rai, U., and Rai, S. M. (2009). Business correspondence. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House. Source record

Management Science The Definitive Guide

Management Science â€" The Definitive Guide Management is a core function of every business and a number of theories try to explain how the processes of management can be best utilized to help the organization to succeed. Management science is one such approach and in this guide, we’ll explore the history of this approach.We’ll explain the definition and core elements of the style, as well as compare the benefits and disadvantages of implementing this strategy.Finally, we’ll look into the different ways it has been applied in the past and the steps you need to take to implement it in your organization. THE HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has an interesting history and the approach has evolved over the years to its current concept, which we’ll explore further in the next section. The roots of management science can be found in a concept of operations research, which was a system developed during World War II. The War, like other wars before and after it, involved plenty of operations outside of the traditional fighting on the battlefield. Warfare changed from the First World War and scientists from different fields were part of the effort to gain the upper hand on both sides of the war.Operation research or operational research saw the scientists trying to apply analytical methods in order to enhance the decision-making processes. The approach was highly used by the Allied forces, with Britain engaging nearly 1,000 men and women in operation research during the war. The basis of operation research was on different mathematical models, which were used to make predic tions that would improve military operations.One example of the operation research use was the application of ‘effectiveness ratios’, which compared the flying hours of Allied planes with enemy U-boat sightings in a given area. By studying these numbers, the military was able to distribute the planes to productive patrol areas and map out enemy positions more efficiently.After the war, the operation research model became implemented in the corporate sector. As businesses and other organizations begun using analytical research as part of the decision-making process, the term management science was coined. In 1967, Stafford Beer said the field of management science is essentially “the business use of operations research”.At this initial stage, management science involved around the application of different scientific methods and findings in order to solve management problems and streamline the processes of management. The broad approach meant the system used operation research , system analysis as well as the study of management-information systems as part of the implementation. Since then, the definition and scope of management science has become more defined.THE CORE CONCEPTS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCENow that we’ve looked into the history of management science, we can move on to exploring the current definition of the practice together with its core concepts.The definition of management scienceAccording to Lancaster University, management science can be defined as a concept that is “concerned with developing and applying models and concepts that help to illuminate issues and solve managerial problems”. The approach is essentially interested in looking at an organization and finding ways it can manage itself better and improve its productivity.The core aim of the approach is to use scientific concepts and methods in order to solve management-related issues. It does this by focusing on analyzing different management approaches, comparing them with exist ing possibilities and offering possible outcomes of which the organization can pick to improve productivity.While management science is mainly a mathematical approach to solving problems, the application of it requires the examination of different fields. Management science uses analytical data, statistics and methods for increasing efficiency of management systems and it finds the tools from fields like:EconomicsBusiness AdministrationPsychologySociologyMathematicsThe key to management science is the visualization of management as a logical action. Since the approach views management through this lens, it means the process can be quantified and described with the help of symbols, measurements and relationships. The approach basis its theory on the decision theory approach and rational decision-making models and it can provide organizations with a model that helps identify goals and the roadmap for achieving them.Management science makes a few general assumptions of management, whic h are the basis for its framework. The assumptions are:Management is a problem-solving mechanism, which can be boosted by mathematical tools and techniques.Problems in management can be quantified and described in mathematical terms. This includes areas such as system analysis, but also human behavior.Managerial problems can best be resolved through mathematical tools, simulations and models.If you’re interested in the future of management science, then watch the video of Andrew McAfee discussing the possibilities future improvements in Information Technology can provide to management science. The four core areas of researchThe management science approach relies on four core areas of research. These four are the steps an organization must take in order to properly implement management science and they are the four core elements defining the system.The first one is about discovering, developing, defining, and evaluating the goals and policies that lead to these objectives. This req uires the organization to examine the goals it has set, the goals it could set and the current and possible methods and processes it could use in order to achieve them. This is about the initial step of understanding what the company wants to do, what the company is doing, and what the company could be doing.The second core element is about ensuring the organization adopts those policies. Once the processes and policies have been chosen from the selection of options, science management requires the company to enforce them. This might require additional policy decisions and changes in the way the organization operates, but the key is to implement the processes as identified during the initial phase.After the policies are being implemented, management science calls for scrutinizing the effectiveness of the policies. Management science doesn’t just provide the tools for making better decisions and streamlining the management procedures within the organization. It can also help with m onitoring of the viability of these approaches and decisions.Finally, the fourth element is about initiating changes to the policies in case they are found ineffective. If the processes are not working as intended and the organization is not achieving the predicted outcomes, management science provides the framework for figuring out the failing parts. The analytical approach doesn’t just measure how things might be, but it can help identify why certain outcomes weren’t achieved. This will help make changes on the go and shift the focus to the processes that will guarantee the achievement of the objectives.In the final section, we’ll return to examining how the above can be implemented in the most effective manner.THE BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhen it comes to the benefits of implementing a management science approach, organizations can expect a number of advantages. Management science can reduce the overall efficiency of the organization and make decision-making easier and more defined.The broad advantage of the approach is its ability to design measures that can be used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of the processes currently in use. Management science looks at the current situation and compares it with other possibilities, creating measurable predictions.The analysis of processes and decision-making can help the organization identify the problem areas, as well as the systems that are already working efficiently. The identification of these will guarantee the organization is using processes and decision-making approaches that provide the best results in terms of the achieving the organizations objectives.Furthermore, the management science approach can help more specifically in the following core areas of any business:Planning â€" The management science approach can be used in the planning because it identifies and predicts the results of certain processes. The approach makes it easier to understand the future needs of the organization based on the current and future models, as well as the objectives the organization is looking to fulfill.Organizing â€" Creating systems that efficiently focus on the specifically defined processes and tasks. Furthermore, it makes it easier to direct resources to their right places.Leading and controlling operations â€" Since the approach focuses on management, it can boost the way the organization leads. It can help individual managers focus on the most important aspects of the organization and improve their decision-making skills.Efficiency in the following core areas of business will provide boosts in productivity, industrial peace and enhance the organizations ability to specialize its products and services. Productivity results from the efficiency in planning, organizing and leading, as the processes are streamlined and different parts of the organization focus on the areas that maximize their efficiency.Furthermore, the higher productivity can result in increased wages as well , since the organization doesn’t need to worry about time-wasting and inefficient workforce. As wages improve, employee motivation is likely to improve, creating a system of reinforced productivity.In terms of industrial peace, management science enforces better co-operation between the management and the labor. The enhanced processes create an environment of clarity in the workplace and provide more security to the workforce in terms of knowing their position and the health and safety of the employee. If relations between the management and the labor are harmonious and built on trust and respect, industrial disputes are less likely to take place.Employee motivation and productivity are also boosted through the safer work environment, as alluded above. The approach identifies the most efficient and the safest ways to produce products and services. This can have a meaningful impact on the working conditions and thus increase industrial peace further.Specialization is improved throu gh enhanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Management science helps identify the processes, which work, notice the areas of weakness, and realize the future possibilities and needs of the organizations consumer base. The approach makes the utilization of resources easier, since the framework can notice the availability of resources and the proper use of them.As the above shows, management science can be beneficial for the organization by improving the way it operates, but also guaranteeing better relations between the different stakeholders. With improved efficiency, productivity will increase and further create a situation for higher profits.Here is a great talk of how data will transform businesses. THE DISADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhat about the downside to management science? Despite the above advantages, certain drawbacks need to be taken into account before an organization starts using the approach. The disadvantages should be taken se riously, even though many of these drawbacks can be limited and controlled with proper implementation and planning.Management science controls the decision-making process within the organization. Decisions are made based on the findings of the framework, using analysis of different factors and implementing a variety of methodologies. This can lead to reduced employee-involvement in decision-making, as the process is not controlled by discussion and opinion, but focus is on numbers and scientific predictions.In its essence, management science supports a top-down decision-making process. If you read management expert opinions, many champion the opposite to the traditional top-down approach. Author Peter Diamandis is among the proponents of collective decision-making, stating, “collective management will build companies â€" not top-down decision-making”.The problem with transferring the decision-making completely away from employee input is how it creates situations where people fe el disengaged. Since you don’t have any voice, you can more easily feel uncomfortable with the decisions. Even if you wouldn’t get your way with the decisions, the ability to influence or discuss the decision can be enough to make you feel more engaged.Management science also requires an understanding of the process, which is something the employee doesn’t necessarily have. The employees might not have a good grasp of how the decisions were made and the justification behind the conclusion, which can make the management’s approach seem further disengaging and confusing.The framework also looks at individual components and therefore breaks down the tasks into smaller objectives. This can create fragmentation throughout the organization, which can have a few defining impacts. First, the fragmentation of objectives means each employee is closely associated with a single unit of action. In short, employees have a task and the instructions on how to do it.The employee just needs t o fulfill the objective and the task is done. Since each person is in charge of their own objective, tasks don’t have much spill over. This can lead to a situation where teamwork is non-existent. Employees are only focused on the specific tasks they’ve been given, without the need to discuss or co-operate with others. While this might suit certain types of employees, others might find it disengaging again. The second problem of fragmentation follows directly from the lack of teamwork.If team-building and co-operation are diminished, creativity within the organization can suffer. People don’t communicate with each other in the same way, creating a system where the team starts relying on the feedback from the management science framework. Ideas are not thrown around, but rather people wait for the management science framework to come up with the best approaches.The above points deal with the disadvantages in terms of employee engagement and creativity. But management science can have a few drawbacks on a more practical, operational sense as well. First, the approach generalizes that things can be quantified. For the model to work and make effective predictions, things should be quantifiable and easily measured. If they are, then mathematical calculations will work accurately and the outcomes can be analyzed with care.But certain issues and problems won’t be easily quantified or standardized. For example, while resources and equipment can be standardized, human behavior is much harder to generalize, as certain people can perform well in specific conditions in which someone else might fail. Therefore, by creating artificial generalization and standardization, the management will reduce the effectiveness of the predictions. If the set of processes analyzed is not correctly quantified, the outcomes might not be the most accurate. In effect, this means the resulting decisions might not yield the optimum results.In addition to the above, management science has a problem with scaling. Since the framework requires plenty of data and the data has to be as accurate as possible, the implementation process can be much easier for smaller organizations. Creating a process for data collection, analysis and prediction is easier when you have only a limited number of data available with a small organization. The process can be easier to establish and the results can be faster to achieve since analyzing won’t take forever. On the other hand, the cost of establishing an efficient management science system can be high and the expensive element of the framework can make it unattractive for smaller firms.Watch this interesting case study on how management science could be applied to understanding mobile users (warning: only for super nerds like me) APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has a number of benefits, which has meant that different fields have started using it to enhance operational and managerial efficiency. Since its early st art as part of a core approach to the military, the application has found its way to industries as varied as medical, political, public administration and business. Management science has provided solutions and identified deeper insights into the industries in a number of ways. The following examples are among the best examples of how management science can be applied in a meaningful manner:The airline industry has used management science to create the scheduling systems for airlines. This has created the system for ensuring the planes are utilized more efficiently, together with guaranteeing the crew is rotated in the most efficient way.A number of information systems currently in use by organizations are a result of management science. The approach has been used to identify and understand the correct information system strategies.Public administrations have also used management science to identify the flow of water from water reservoirs. The process identifies the most efficient r outes and cost-effective ways to manage the flow.As the examples show, there are different ways to utilize management science. The application of the framework helps organizations create enhanced efficiency in areas such as cost, production and the level of service by solving the different managerial problems.In terms of applying management science in business, there is a six-step formula for making the most of it. The steps will help streamline business operations and create a process-based environment for the organization. Source and Copyrights: World Health Organisation website1. Identifying business processes in useThe organization must first identify the different management processes it currently has in place. By identifying each process, it’s also possible to notice the strengths and weaknesses of the individual management operation.For example, you’ll identify all the management teams and understand its positive impact on the workforce. As you identify the processes, you’ll start noticing the patterns of management and the specific aspects that require changing or tweaking.2. Analyze the individual processesAs you’ve identified the problem areas, as well as the management processes that are working effectively, you can start using management science to modify the process. By implementing the analytical approach, you will notice which processes need scaling, implementation or adjustment.This step is the key part of management science; it is about diagnosis and the identification of the sol ution. In some instances, it can even help with creating systems that prevent future problems.3. Redesign the processesWith the analysis done, the focus should move to identifying the right process for achieving the right results. Management science tends to present a number of solutions and predictions, which means the organization has to identify the most effective processes for its needs.4. Ensure the right resources are in place to improve the processesOnce you’ve identified the processes and the solutions to the management problems, you need to ensure the organization has the right resources at hand. Redesigning of the processes might require additional resources, either in terms of money or labor. Ensure the appropriate amount and type of resources is identifying to guarantee the newly established processes work as planned.5. Implement the identified processesThe fifth step is about implementation of the above processes. As mentioned in the section about the disadvantages of management science, the system can easily cause fragmentation if the organization is not careful.Therefore, at this step, you must ensure there’s a community wide buy-in and proper information available for people to understand the changes, the reasoning behind them, as well as the new processes themselves.6. Review and analyze the effectiveness of the new processesFinally, the implemented processes require constant analysis and review. Management science will provide answers and prediction, but just like any other approach to management, it’s not a magic pill to fix everything.Therefore, you must make sure you continue to collect data and analyze the effectiveness of the processes in place. Only this will guarantee they are working as intended and will provide the organization better chances of tweaking the approach as you go.THE BOTTOM LINEManagement science is a logical and analytical approach to management and how it impacts an organization. The approach has been used in a variety of industries since its inception during World War II. By using the approach, an organization is able to identify different management processes and whether they are working as efficiently as they could.It can provide new ways to approach management issues and it helps streamline the decision-making process by creating models the organization can use. While management science can provide plenty of benefits in terms of improvements in productivity and cutting costs, the implementation can also have drawbacks on the workplace.Employee satisfaction can suffer and the organization has to deal with the fragmentation of processes. The approach is not a quick remedy for solving issues, but when it is applied correctly, the results can lead to success.

Management Science The Definitive Guide

Management Science â€" The Definitive Guide Management is a core function of every business and a number of theories try to explain how the processes of management can be best utilized to help the organization to succeed. Management science is one such approach and in this guide, we’ll explore the history of this approach.We’ll explain the definition and core elements of the style, as well as compare the benefits and disadvantages of implementing this strategy.Finally, we’ll look into the different ways it has been applied in the past and the steps you need to take to implement it in your organization. THE HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has an interesting history and the approach has evolved over the years to its current concept, which we’ll explore further in the next section. The roots of management science can be found in a concept of operations research, which was a system developed during World War II. The War, like other wars before and after it, involved plenty of operations outside of the traditional fighting on the battlefield. Warfare changed from the First World War and scientists from different fields were part of the effort to gain the upper hand on both sides of the war.Operation research or operational research saw the scientists trying to apply analytical methods in order to enhance the decision-making processes. The approach was highly used by the Allied forces, with Britain engaging nearly 1,000 men and women in operation research during the war. The basis of operation research was on different mathematical models, which were used to make predic tions that would improve military operations.One example of the operation research use was the application of ‘effectiveness ratios’, which compared the flying hours of Allied planes with enemy U-boat sightings in a given area. By studying these numbers, the military was able to distribute the planes to productive patrol areas and map out enemy positions more efficiently.After the war, the operation research model became implemented in the corporate sector. As businesses and other organizations begun using analytical research as part of the decision-making process, the term management science was coined. In 1967, Stafford Beer said the field of management science is essentially “the business use of operations research”.At this initial stage, management science involved around the application of different scientific methods and findings in order to solve management problems and streamline the processes of management. The broad approach meant the system used operation research , system analysis as well as the study of management-information systems as part of the implementation. Since then, the definition and scope of management science has become more defined.THE CORE CONCEPTS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCENow that we’ve looked into the history of management science, we can move on to exploring the current definition of the practice together with its core concepts.The definition of management scienceAccording to Lancaster University, management science can be defined as a concept that is “concerned with developing and applying models and concepts that help to illuminate issues and solve managerial problems”. The approach is essentially interested in looking at an organization and finding ways it can manage itself better and improve its productivity.The core aim of the approach is to use scientific concepts and methods in order to solve management-related issues. It does this by focusing on analyzing different management approaches, comparing them with exist ing possibilities and offering possible outcomes of which the organization can pick to improve productivity.While management science is mainly a mathematical approach to solving problems, the application of it requires the examination of different fields. Management science uses analytical data, statistics and methods for increasing efficiency of management systems and it finds the tools from fields like:EconomicsBusiness AdministrationPsychologySociologyMathematicsThe key to management science is the visualization of management as a logical action. Since the approach views management through this lens, it means the process can be quantified and described with the help of symbols, measurements and relationships. The approach basis its theory on the decision theory approach and rational decision-making models and it can provide organizations with a model that helps identify goals and the roadmap for achieving them.Management science makes a few general assumptions of management, whic h are the basis for its framework. The assumptions are:Management is a problem-solving mechanism, which can be boosted by mathematical tools and techniques.Problems in management can be quantified and described in mathematical terms. This includes areas such as system analysis, but also human behavior.Managerial problems can best be resolved through mathematical tools, simulations and models.If you’re interested in the future of management science, then watch the video of Andrew McAfee discussing the possibilities future improvements in Information Technology can provide to management science. The four core areas of researchThe management science approach relies on four core areas of research. These four are the steps an organization must take in order to properly implement management science and they are the four core elements defining the system.The first one is about discovering, developing, defining, and evaluating the goals and policies that lead to these objectives. This req uires the organization to examine the goals it has set, the goals it could set and the current and possible methods and processes it could use in order to achieve them. This is about the initial step of understanding what the company wants to do, what the company is doing, and what the company could be doing.The second core element is about ensuring the organization adopts those policies. Once the processes and policies have been chosen from the selection of options, science management requires the company to enforce them. This might require additional policy decisions and changes in the way the organization operates, but the key is to implement the processes as identified during the initial phase.After the policies are being implemented, management science calls for scrutinizing the effectiveness of the policies. Management science doesn’t just provide the tools for making better decisions and streamlining the management procedures within the organization. It can also help with m onitoring of the viability of these approaches and decisions.Finally, the fourth element is about initiating changes to the policies in case they are found ineffective. If the processes are not working as intended and the organization is not achieving the predicted outcomes, management science provides the framework for figuring out the failing parts. The analytical approach doesn’t just measure how things might be, but it can help identify why certain outcomes weren’t achieved. This will help make changes on the go and shift the focus to the processes that will guarantee the achievement of the objectives.In the final section, we’ll return to examining how the above can be implemented in the most effective manner.THE BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhen it comes to the benefits of implementing a management science approach, organizations can expect a number of advantages. Management science can reduce the overall efficiency of the organization and make decision-making easier and more defined.The broad advantage of the approach is its ability to design measures that can be used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of the processes currently in use. Management science looks at the current situation and compares it with other possibilities, creating measurable predictions.The analysis of processes and decision-making can help the organization identify the problem areas, as well as the systems that are already working efficiently. The identification of these will guarantee the organization is using processes and decision-making approaches that provide the best results in terms of the achieving the organizations objectives.Furthermore, the management science approach can help more specifically in the following core areas of any business:Planning â€" The management science approach can be used in the planning because it identifies and predicts the results of certain processes. The approach makes it easier to understand the future needs of the organization based on the current and future models, as well as the objectives the organization is looking to fulfill.Organizing â€" Creating systems that efficiently focus on the specifically defined processes and tasks. Furthermore, it makes it easier to direct resources to their right places.Leading and controlling operations â€" Since the approach focuses on management, it can boost the way the organization leads. It can help individual managers focus on the most important aspects of the organization and improve their decision-making skills.Efficiency in the following core areas of business will provide boosts in productivity, industrial peace and enhance the organizations ability to specialize its products and services. Productivity results from the efficiency in planning, organizing and leading, as the processes are streamlined and different parts of the organization focus on the areas that maximize their efficiency.Furthermore, the higher productivity can result in increased wages as well , since the organization doesn’t need to worry about time-wasting and inefficient workforce. As wages improve, employee motivation is likely to improve, creating a system of reinforced productivity.In terms of industrial peace, management science enforces better co-operation between the management and the labor. The enhanced processes create an environment of clarity in the workplace and provide more security to the workforce in terms of knowing their position and the health and safety of the employee. If relations between the management and the labor are harmonious and built on trust and respect, industrial disputes are less likely to take place.Employee motivation and productivity are also boosted through the safer work environment, as alluded above. The approach identifies the most efficient and the safest ways to produce products and services. This can have a meaningful impact on the working conditions and thus increase industrial peace further.Specialization is improved throu gh enhanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Management science helps identify the processes, which work, notice the areas of weakness, and realize the future possibilities and needs of the organizations consumer base. The approach makes the utilization of resources easier, since the framework can notice the availability of resources and the proper use of them.As the above shows, management science can be beneficial for the organization by improving the way it operates, but also guaranteeing better relations between the different stakeholders. With improved efficiency, productivity will increase and further create a situation for higher profits.Here is a great talk of how data will transform businesses. THE DISADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhat about the downside to management science? Despite the above advantages, certain drawbacks need to be taken into account before an organization starts using the approach. The disadvantages should be taken se riously, even though many of these drawbacks can be limited and controlled with proper implementation and planning.Management science controls the decision-making process within the organization. Decisions are made based on the findings of the framework, using analysis of different factors and implementing a variety of methodologies. This can lead to reduced employee-involvement in decision-making, as the process is not controlled by discussion and opinion, but focus is on numbers and scientific predictions.In its essence, management science supports a top-down decision-making process. If you read management expert opinions, many champion the opposite to the traditional top-down approach. Author Peter Diamandis is among the proponents of collective decision-making, stating, “collective management will build companies â€" not top-down decision-making”.The problem with transferring the decision-making completely away from employee input is how it creates situations where people fe el disengaged. Since you don’t have any voice, you can more easily feel uncomfortable with the decisions. Even if you wouldn’t get your way with the decisions, the ability to influence or discuss the decision can be enough to make you feel more engaged.Management science also requires an understanding of the process, which is something the employee doesn’t necessarily have. The employees might not have a good grasp of how the decisions were made and the justification behind the conclusion, which can make the management’s approach seem further disengaging and confusing.The framework also looks at individual components and therefore breaks down the tasks into smaller objectives. This can create fragmentation throughout the organization, which can have a few defining impacts. First, the fragmentation of objectives means each employee is closely associated with a single unit of action. In short, employees have a task and the instructions on how to do it.The employee just needs t o fulfill the objective and the task is done. Since each person is in charge of their own objective, tasks don’t have much spill over. This can lead to a situation where teamwork is non-existent. Employees are only focused on the specific tasks they’ve been given, without the need to discuss or co-operate with others. While this might suit certain types of employees, others might find it disengaging again. The second problem of fragmentation follows directly from the lack of teamwork.If team-building and co-operation are diminished, creativity within the organization can suffer. People don’t communicate with each other in the same way, creating a system where the team starts relying on the feedback from the management science framework. Ideas are not thrown around, but rather people wait for the management science framework to come up with the best approaches.The above points deal with the disadvantages in terms of employee engagement and creativity. But management science can have a few drawbacks on a more practical, operational sense as well. First, the approach generalizes that things can be quantified. For the model to work and make effective predictions, things should be quantifiable and easily measured. If they are, then mathematical calculations will work accurately and the outcomes can be analyzed with care.But certain issues and problems won’t be easily quantified or standardized. For example, while resources and equipment can be standardized, human behavior is much harder to generalize, as certain people can perform well in specific conditions in which someone else might fail. Therefore, by creating artificial generalization and standardization, the management will reduce the effectiveness of the predictions. If the set of processes analyzed is not correctly quantified, the outcomes might not be the most accurate. In effect, this means the resulting decisions might not yield the optimum results.In addition to the above, management science has a problem with scaling. Since the framework requires plenty of data and the data has to be as accurate as possible, the implementation process can be much easier for smaller organizations. Creating a process for data collection, analysis and prediction is easier when you have only a limited number of data available with a small organization. The process can be easier to establish and the results can be faster to achieve since analyzing won’t take forever. On the other hand, the cost of establishing an efficient management science system can be high and the expensive element of the framework can make it unattractive for smaller firms.Watch this interesting case study on how management science could be applied to understanding mobile users (warning: only for super nerds like me) APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has a number of benefits, which has meant that different fields have started using it to enhance operational and managerial efficiency. Since its early st art as part of a core approach to the military, the application has found its way to industries as varied as medical, political, public administration and business. Management science has provided solutions and identified deeper insights into the industries in a number of ways. The following examples are among the best examples of how management science can be applied in a meaningful manner:The airline industry has used management science to create the scheduling systems for airlines. This has created the system for ensuring the planes are utilized more efficiently, together with guaranteeing the crew is rotated in the most efficient way.A number of information systems currently in use by organizations are a result of management science. The approach has been used to identify and understand the correct information system strategies.Public administrations have also used management science to identify the flow of water from water reservoirs. The process identifies the most efficient r outes and cost-effective ways to manage the flow.As the examples show, there are different ways to utilize management science. The application of the framework helps organizations create enhanced efficiency in areas such as cost, production and the level of service by solving the different managerial problems.In terms of applying management science in business, there is a six-step formula for making the most of it. The steps will help streamline business operations and create a process-based environment for the organization. Source and Copyrights: World Health Organisation website1. Identifying business processes in useThe organization must first identify the different management processes it currently has in place. By identifying each process, it’s also possible to notice the strengths and weaknesses of the individual management operation.For example, you’ll identify all the management teams and understand its positive impact on the workforce. As you identify the processes, you’ll start noticing the patterns of management and the specific aspects that require changing or tweaking.2. Analyze the individual processesAs you’ve identified the problem areas, as well as the management processes that are working effectively, you can start using management science to modify the process. By implementing the analytical approach, you will notice which processes need scaling, implementation or adjustment.This step is the key part of management science; it is about diagnosis and the identification of the sol ution. In some instances, it can even help with creating systems that prevent future problems.3. Redesign the processesWith the analysis done, the focus should move to identifying the right process for achieving the right results. Management science tends to present a number of solutions and predictions, which means the organization has to identify the most effective processes for its needs.4. Ensure the right resources are in place to improve the processesOnce you’ve identified the processes and the solutions to the management problems, you need to ensure the organization has the right resources at hand. Redesigning of the processes might require additional resources, either in terms of money or labor. Ensure the appropriate amount and type of resources is identifying to guarantee the newly established processes work as planned.5. Implement the identified processesThe fifth step is about implementation of the above processes. As mentioned in the section about the disadvantages of management science, the system can easily cause fragmentation if the organization is not careful.Therefore, at this step, you must ensure there’s a community wide buy-in and proper information available for people to understand the changes, the reasoning behind them, as well as the new processes themselves.6. Review and analyze the effectiveness of the new processesFinally, the implemented processes require constant analysis and review. Management science will provide answers and prediction, but just like any other approach to management, it’s not a magic pill to fix everything.Therefore, you must make sure you continue to collect data and analyze the effectiveness of the processes in place. Only this will guarantee they are working as intended and will provide the organization better chances of tweaking the approach as you go.THE BOTTOM LINEManagement science is a logical and analytical approach to management and how it impacts an organization. The approach has been used in a variety of industries since its inception during World War II. By using the approach, an organization is able to identify different management processes and whether they are working as efficiently as they could.It can provide new ways to approach management issues and it helps streamline the decision-making process by creating models the organization can use. While management science can provide plenty of benefits in terms of improvements in productivity and cutting costs, the implementation can also have drawbacks on the workplace.Employee satisfaction can suffer and the organization has to deal with the fragmentation of processes. The approach is not a quick remedy for solving issues, but when it is applied correctly, the results can lead to success.